diff --git a/src/amd/vulkan/radv_shader.c b/src/amd/vulkan/radv_shader.c
index d1a197f51fc..b421afd948b 100644
--- a/src/amd/vulkan/radv_shader.c
+++ b/src/amd/vulkan/radv_shader.c
@@ -678,9 +678,10 @@ radv_shader_spirv_to_nir(struct radv_device *device, const struct radv_shader_st
 
    if (nir->info.stage == MESA_SHADER_VERTEX || nir->info.stage == MESA_SHADER_GEOMETRY ||
        nir->info.stage == MESA_SHADER_FRAGMENT) {
-      NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries, nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, true);
+      NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries, nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir),
+               nir_var_shader_in | nir_var_shader_out);
    } else if (nir->info.stage == MESA_SHADER_TESS_EVAL) {
-      NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries, nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, false);
+      NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries, nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), nir_var_shader_out);
    }
 
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_split_var_copies);
diff --git a/src/asahi/vulkan/hk_shader.c b/src/asahi/vulkan/hk_shader.c
index 76c8710b12d..c0adf1e4138 100644
--- a/src/asahi/vulkan/hk_shader.c
+++ b/src/asahi/vulkan/hk_shader.c
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ hk_preprocess_nir_internal(struct vk_physical_device *vk_pdev, nir_shader *nir)
    nir_shader_gather_info(nir, nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir));
 
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
-            nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, false);
+            nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), nir_var_shader_out);
 
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_global_vars_to_local);
 
diff --git a/src/broadcom/vulkan/v3dv_pipeline.c b/src/broadcom/vulkan/v3dv_pipeline.c
index 2561dc17f64..9f6e284bcec 100644
--- a/src/broadcom/vulkan/v3dv_pipeline.c
+++ b/src/broadcom/vulkan/v3dv_pipeline.c
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ preprocess_nir(nir_shader *nir)
    }
 
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
-            nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, false);
+            nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), nir_var_shader_out);
 
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_system_values);
 
diff --git a/src/compiler/nir/nir.h b/src/compiler/nir/nir.h
index 77bd9868674..5da2383e4be 100644
--- a/src/compiler/nir/nir.h
+++ b/src/compiler/nir/nir.h
@@ -5171,7 +5171,7 @@ bool nir_lower_locals_to_regs(nir_shader *shader, uint8_t bool_bitsize);
 
 bool nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir_shader *shader,
                                       nir_function_impl *entrypoint,
-                                      bool outputs, bool inputs);
+                                      nir_variable_mode modes);
 
 bool nir_lower_vars_to_scratch(nir_shader *shader,
                                nir_variable_mode modes,
diff --git a/src/compiler/nir/nir_lower_io.c b/src/compiler/nir/nir_lower_io.c
index 30ae32a27ad..c780af96d2e 100644
--- a/src/compiler/nir/nir_lower_io.c
+++ b/src/compiler/nir/nir_lower_io.c
@@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@ nir_lower_io_passes(nir_shader *nir, bool renumber_vs_inputs)
 
    if (lower_indirect_outputs) {
       NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
-               nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, false);
+               nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), nir_var_shader_out);
 
       /* We need to lower all the copy_deref's introduced by lower_io_to-
        * _temporaries before calling nir_lower_io.
diff --git a/src/compiler/nir/nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries.c b/src/compiler/nir/nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries.c
index 360e986db68..5775feb231e 100644
--- a/src/compiler/nir/nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries.c
+++ b/src/compiler/nir/nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries.c
@@ -332,10 +332,14 @@ move_variables_to_list(nir_shader *shader, nir_variable_mode mode,
 
 bool
 nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir_shader *shader, nir_function_impl *entrypoint,
-                                 bool outputs, bool inputs)
+                                 nir_variable_mode modes)
 {
+   ASSERTED const nir_variable_mode supported_modes =
+      nir_var_shader_in | nir_var_shader_out;
    struct lower_io_state state;
 
+   assert(!(modes & ~supported_modes));
+
    if (shader->info.stage != MESA_SHADER_VERTEX &&
        shader->info.stage != MESA_SHADER_TESS_EVAL &&
        shader->info.stage != MESA_SHADER_GEOMETRY &&
@@ -348,11 +352,11 @@ nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir_shader *shader, nir_function_impl *entrypoi
    state.input_map = _mesa_pointer_hash_table_create(NULL);
 
    exec_list_make_empty(&state.old_inputs);
-   if (inputs)
+   if (modes & nir_var_shader_in)
       move_variables_to_list(shader, nir_var_shader_in, &state.old_inputs);
 
    exec_list_make_empty(&state.old_outputs);
-   if (outputs)
+   if (modes & nir_var_shader_out)
       move_variables_to_list(shader, nir_var_shader_out, &state.old_outputs);
 
    exec_list_make_empty(&state.new_inputs);
@@ -374,10 +378,10 @@ nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir_shader *shader, nir_function_impl *entrypoi
    }
 
    nir_foreach_function_impl(impl, shader) {
-      if (inputs)
+      if (modes & nir_var_shader_in)
          emit_input_copies_impl(&state, impl);
 
-      if (outputs)
+      if (modes & nir_var_shader_out)
          emit_output_copies_impl(&state, impl);
 
       nir_progress(true, impl, nir_metadata_control_flow);
diff --git a/src/freedreno/ir3/ir3_nir.c b/src/freedreno/ir3/ir3_nir.c
index af2028cf3fa..41b744e9349 100644
--- a/src/freedreno/ir3/ir3_nir.c
+++ b/src/freedreno/ir3/ir3_nir.c
@@ -489,13 +489,19 @@ ir3_nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir_shader *s)
     * stop doing that once we're sure all drivers are doing their own
     * indirect i/o lowering.
     */
-   bool lower_input = s->info.stage == MESA_SHADER_VERTEX ||
-                      s->info.stage == MESA_SHADER_FRAGMENT;
-   bool lower_output = s->info.stage != MESA_SHADER_TESS_CTRL &&
-                       s->info.stage != MESA_SHADER_GEOMETRY;
-   if (lower_input || lower_output) {
+   nir_variable_mode lower_modes = 0;
+
+   if (s->info.stage == MESA_SHADER_VERTEX ||
+       s->info.stage == MESA_SHADER_FRAGMENT)
+      lower_modes |= nir_var_shader_in;
+
+   if (s->info.stage != MESA_SHADER_TESS_CTRL &&
+       s->info.stage != MESA_SHADER_GEOMETRY)
+      lower_modes |= nir_var_shader_out;
+
+   if (lower_modes) {
       NIR_PASS(_, s, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries, nir_shader_get_entrypoint(s),
-               lower_output, lower_input);
+               lower_modes);
 
       /* nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries() creates global variables and copy
        * instructions which need to be cleaned up.
diff --git a/src/gallium/drivers/crocus/crocus_program.c b/src/gallium/drivers/crocus/crocus_program.c
index 7836192ee59..5be1a0d6f05 100644
--- a/src/gallium/drivers/crocus/crocus_program.c
+++ b/src/gallium/drivers/crocus/crocus_program.c
@@ -1181,7 +1181,7 @@ crocus_compile_vs(struct crocus_context *ice,
       /* Check if variables were found. */
       if (nir_lower_clip_vs(nir, (1 << key->nr_userclip_plane_consts) - 1,
                             true, false, NULL)) {
-         nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir, impl, true, false);
+         nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir, impl, nir_var_shader_out);
          nir_lower_global_vars_to_local(nir);
          nir_lower_vars_to_ssa(nir);
          nir_shader_gather_info(nir, impl);
@@ -1541,7 +1541,7 @@ crocus_compile_tes(struct crocus_context *ice,
       nir_function_impl *impl = nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir);
       nir_lower_clip_vs(nir, (1 << key->nr_userclip_plane_consts) - 1, true,
                         false, NULL);
-      nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir, impl, true, false);
+      nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir, impl, nir_var_shader_out);
       nir_lower_global_vars_to_local(nir);
       nir_lower_vars_to_ssa(nir);
       nir_shader_gather_info(nir, impl);
@@ -1684,7 +1684,7 @@ crocus_compile_gs(struct crocus_context *ice,
       nir_function_impl *impl = nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir);
       nir_lower_clip_gs(nir, (1 << key->nr_userclip_plane_consts) - 1, false,
                         NULL);
-      nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir, impl, true, false);
+      nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir, impl, nir_var_shader_out);
       nir_lower_global_vars_to_local(nir);
       nir_lower_vars_to_ssa(nir);
       nir_shader_gather_info(nir, impl);
diff --git a/src/gallium/drivers/iris/iris_program.c b/src/gallium/drivers/iris/iris_program.c
index ea8045d0f2d..8615035822f 100644
--- a/src/gallium/drivers/iris/iris_program.c
+++ b/src/gallium/drivers/iris/iris_program.c
@@ -1898,7 +1898,7 @@ iris_compile_vs(struct iris_screen *screen,
       /* Check if variables were found. */
       if (nir_lower_clip_vs(nir, (1 << key->vue.nr_userclip_plane_consts) - 1,
                             true, false, NULL)) {
-         nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir, impl, true, false);
+         nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir, impl, nir_var_shader_out);
          nir_lower_global_vars_to_local(nir);
          nir_lower_vars_to_ssa(nir);
          nir_shader_gather_info(nir, impl);
@@ -2345,7 +2345,7 @@ iris_compile_tes(struct iris_screen *screen,
       nir_function_impl *impl = nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir);
       nir_lower_clip_vs(nir, (1 << key->vue.nr_userclip_plane_consts) - 1,
                         true, false, NULL);
-      nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir, impl, true, false);
+      nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir, impl, nir_var_shader_out);
       nir_lower_global_vars_to_local(nir);
       nir_lower_vars_to_ssa(nir);
       nir_shader_gather_info(nir, impl);
@@ -2540,7 +2540,7 @@ iris_compile_gs(struct iris_screen *screen,
       nir_function_impl *impl = nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir);
       nir_lower_clip_gs(nir, (1 << key->vue.nr_userclip_plane_consts) - 1,
                         false, NULL);
-      nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir, impl, true, false);
+      nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries(nir, impl, nir_var_shader_out);
       nir_lower_global_vars_to_local(nir);
       nir_lower_vars_to_ssa(nir);
       nir_shader_gather_info(nir, impl);
diff --git a/src/gallium/drivers/nouveau/codegen/nv50_ir_from_nir.cpp b/src/gallium/drivers/nouveau/codegen/nv50_ir_from_nir.cpp
index fe2bc328440..8a49bf60bd4 100644
--- a/src/gallium/drivers/nouveau/codegen/nv50_ir_from_nir.cpp
+++ b/src/gallium/drivers/nouveau/codegen/nv50_ir_from_nir.cpp
@@ -3418,7 +3418,7 @@ Converter::run()
 
       if (lowered) {
          nir_function_impl *impl = nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir);
-         NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries, impl, true, false);
+         NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries, impl, nir_var_shader_out);
          NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_global_vars_to_local);
          NIR_PASS(_, nir, nv50_nir_lower_load_user_clip_plane, info);
       } else {
diff --git a/src/gallium/frontends/lavapipe/lvp_pipeline.c b/src/gallium/frontends/lavapipe/lvp_pipeline.c
index e4a096743ad..b6dc0a3e7f2 100644
--- a/src/gallium/frontends/lavapipe/lvp_pipeline.c
+++ b/src/gallium/frontends/lavapipe/lvp_pipeline.c
@@ -359,7 +359,8 @@ lvp_shader_lower(struct lvp_device *pdevice, nir_shader *nir, struct lvp_pipelin
    optimize(nir);
    nir_shader_gather_info(nir, nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir));
 
-   NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries, nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, true);
+   NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries, nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir),
+            nir_var_shader_out | nir_var_shader_in);
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_split_var_copies);
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_global_vars_to_local);
 
diff --git a/src/imagination/pco/pco_nir.c b/src/imagination/pco/pco_nir.c
index 8949a154f09..78d833111e1 100644
--- a/src/imagination/pco/pco_nir.c
+++ b/src/imagination/pco/pco_nir.c
@@ -567,8 +567,7 @@ void pco_preprocess_nir(pco_ctx *ctx, nir_shader *nir)
             nir,
             nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
             nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir),
-            true,
-            true);
+            nir_var_shader_out | nir_var_shader_in);
 
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_global_vars_to_local);
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_split_var_copies);
diff --git a/src/intel/compiler/brw/brw_nir.c b/src/intel/compiler/brw/brw_nir.c
index 0cfdc337e1f..28aca6795b9 100644
--- a/src/intel/compiler/brw/brw_nir.c
+++ b/src/intel/compiler/brw/brw_nir.c
@@ -1660,7 +1660,7 @@ brw_nir_link_shaders(const struct brw_compiler *compiler,
        * those write-mask in output is handled by I/O lowering.
        */
       NIR_PASS(_, producer, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
-                 nir_shader_get_entrypoint(producer), true, false);
+                 nir_shader_get_entrypoint(producer), nir_var_shader_out);
       NIR_PASS(_, producer, nir_lower_global_vars_to_local);
       NIR_PASS(_, producer, nir_split_var_copies);
       NIR_PASS(_, producer, nir_lower_var_copies);
diff --git a/src/intel/compiler/elk/elk_nir.c b/src/intel/compiler/elk/elk_nir.c
index 6f59ef733be..5217fb8f6b5 100644
--- a/src/intel/compiler/elk/elk_nir.c
+++ b/src/intel/compiler/elk/elk_nir.c
@@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@ elk_nir_link_shaders(const struct elk_compiler *compiler,
        * that we need to clean up.
        */
       NIR_PASS(_, producer, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
-                 nir_shader_get_entrypoint(producer), true, false);
+                 nir_shader_get_entrypoint(producer), nir_var_shader_out);
       NIR_PASS(_, producer, nir_lower_global_vars_to_local);
       NIR_PASS(_, producer, nir_split_var_copies);
       NIR_PASS(_, producer, nir_lower_var_copies);
diff --git a/src/intel/vulkan/anv_shader_compile.c b/src/intel/vulkan/anv_shader_compile.c
index 7b13d98d219..deafca72f12 100644
--- a/src/intel/vulkan/anv_shader_compile.c
+++ b/src/intel/vulkan/anv_shader_compile.c
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ anv_shader_preprocess_nir(struct vk_physical_device *device,
    const struct brw_compiler *compiler = pdevice->compiler;
 
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
-            nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, false);
+            nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), nir_var_shader_out);
 
    const struct nir_lower_sysvals_to_varyings_options sysvals_to_varyings = {
       .point_coord = true,
diff --git a/src/intel/vulkan_hasvk/anv_pipeline.c b/src/intel/vulkan_hasvk/anv_pipeline.c
index 32a3b4ab3de..c983022f156 100644
--- a/src/intel/vulkan_hasvk/anv_pipeline.c
+++ b/src/intel/vulkan_hasvk/anv_pipeline.c
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ anv_shader_stage_to_nir(struct anv_device *device,
    }
 
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
-              nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, false);
+              nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), nir_var_shader_out);
 
    const struct nir_lower_sysvals_to_varyings_options sysvals_to_varyings = {
       .point_coord = true,
diff --git a/src/kosmickrisp/kosmicomp.c b/src/kosmickrisp/kosmicomp.c
index 554c6b007d8..501ba4e0095 100644
--- a/src/kosmickrisp/kosmicomp.c
+++ b/src/kosmickrisp/kosmicomp.c
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ optimize(nir_shader *nir)
             nir_var_shader_in | nir_var_shader_out | nir_var_system_value,
             NULL);
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
-            nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, false);
+            nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), nir_var_shader_out);
    nir_lower_compute_system_values_options options = {
       .has_base_global_invocation_id = 0,
    };
diff --git a/src/kosmickrisp/vulkan/kk_shader.c b/src/kosmickrisp/vulkan/kk_shader.c
index cc8bfa09921..19b98acf356 100644
--- a/src/kosmickrisp/vulkan/kk_shader.c
+++ b/src/kosmickrisp/vulkan/kk_shader.c
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ kk_preprocess_nir(UNUSED struct vk_physical_device *vk_pdev, nir_shader *nir,
     * jump, which is illegal.
     */
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
-            nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, false);
+            nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), nir_var_shader_out);
 
    msl_preprocess_nir(nir);
 }
@@ -1279,4 +1279,4 @@ const struct vk_device_shader_ops kk_device_shader_ops = {
    .deserialize = kk_deserialize_shader,
    .cmd_set_dynamic_graphics_state = vk_cmd_set_dynamic_graphics_state,
    .cmd_bind_shaders = kk_cmd_bind_shaders,
-};
\ No newline at end of file
+};
diff --git a/src/microsoft/spirv_to_dxil/dxil_spirv_nir.c b/src/microsoft/spirv_to_dxil/dxil_spirv_nir.c
index 4b8d4574b86..1bd2c978718 100644
--- a/src/microsoft/spirv_to_dxil/dxil_spirv_nir.c
+++ b/src/microsoft/spirv_to_dxil/dxil_spirv_nir.c
@@ -1027,7 +1027,8 @@ dxil_spirv_nir_passes(nir_shader *nir,
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, dxil_nir_lower_int_cubemaps, false);
 
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_clip_cull_distance_array_vars);
-   NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries, nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, true);
+   NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries, nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir),
+            nir_var_shader_out | nir_var_shader_in);
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_global_vars_to_local);
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_split_var_copies);
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_var_copies);
diff --git a/src/nouveau/compiler/nak_nir.c b/src/nouveau/compiler/nak_nir.c
index 37660e722c1..4a5f1379596 100644
--- a/src/nouveau/compiler/nak_nir.c
+++ b/src/nouveau/compiler/nak_nir.c
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ nak_preprocess_nir(nir_shader *nir, const struct nak_compiler *nak)
 
    OPT(nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
        nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir),
-       true /* outputs */, false /* inputs */);
+       nir_var_shader_out);
 
    const nir_lower_tex_options tex_options = {
       .lower_txd_3d = true,
diff --git a/src/panfrost/vulkan/panvk_vX_shader.c b/src/panfrost/vulkan/panvk_vX_shader.c
index d7a88c1eb9a..8e04d789904 100644
--- a/src/panfrost/vulkan/panvk_vX_shader.c
+++ b/src/panfrost/vulkan/panvk_vX_shader.c
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ panvk_preprocess_nir(struct vk_physical_device *vk_pdev,
       NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_opt_vectorize_io_vars, nir_var_shader_out);
 
    NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
-            nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, false);
+            nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), nir_var_shader_out);
 
 #if PAN_ARCH < 9
    /* This needs to be done just after the io_to_temporaries pass, because we
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ panvk_lower_nir(struct panvk_device *dev, nir_shader *nir,
       /* Pull output writes out of the loop and give them constant offsets for
        * pan_lower_store_components */
       NIR_PASS(_, nir, nir_lower_io_vars_to_temporaries,
-               nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), true, false);
+               nir_shader_get_entrypoint(nir), nir_var_shader_out);
    }
 #endif