release: bump version to 1.54.3

std-aux: use _nm_strerror_r
The function strerror_r returns an int per POSIX spec, but GNU version returns char *. Using it fails the compilation in Alpine, so use _nm_strerror_r instead that handles both cases. Fixes: 41e28b900f ('daemon-helper: add read-file-as-user') (cherry picked from commit 599cc1ed1d) (cherry picked from commit ea759ccf3a)
2025-12-20 08:10:06 +01:00 · 2025-12-12 16:24:05 +01:00 · 2025-12-12 15:41:17 +01:00 · 2025-12-12 13:03:26 +00:00 · 2025-12-12 13:34:06 +01:00 · 2025-12-12 13:34:04 +01:00
102 changed files with 3342 additions and 731 deletions
--- a/.gitlab-ci.yml
+++ b/.gitlab-ci.yml
@ -60,11 +60,11 @@ variables:
  #
  # This is done by running `ci-fairy generate-template` and possibly bumping
  # ".default_tag".
-  ALPINE_TAG:  'tag-da1ae96102c6'
-  CENTOS_TAG:  'tag-c8df7d2b249f'
-  DEBIAN_TAG:  'tag-e68f538711ec'
-  FEDORA_TAG:  'tag-c8df7d2b249f'
-  UBUNTU_TAG:  'tag-e68f538711ec'
+  ALPINE_TAG:  'tag-dcc430216167'
+  CENTOS_TAG:  'tag-feb1adbc208e'
+  DEBIAN_TAG:  'tag-afb784497c2f'
+  FEDORA_TAG:  'tag-feb1adbc208e'
+  UBUNTU_TAG:  'tag-afb784497c2f'

  ALPINE_EXEC: 'bash .gitlab-ci/alpine-install.sh'
  CENTOS_EXEC: 'bash .gitlab-ci/fedora-install.sh'
@ -102,7 +102,19 @@ variables:
 # Build a container for each distribution + version. The ci-templates
 # will re-use the containers if the tag doesn't change.

-tier1:fedora:42@prep:
+tier1:fedora:43@prep:
+  extends:
+    - .fdo.container-build@fedora
+  stage: prep
+  variables:
+    GIT_STRATEGY: none
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '43'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $FEDORA_TAG
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $FEDORA_EXEC
+  rules:
+    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule' || $SCHEDULED_PIPELINE_NAME == "weekly"
+
+tier3:fedora:42@prep:
  extends:
    - .fdo.container-build@fedora
  stage: prep
@ -111,88 +123,6 @@ tier1:fedora:42@prep:
    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '42'
    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $FEDORA_TAG
    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $FEDORA_EXEC
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule' || $SCHEDULED_PIPELINE_NAME == "weekly"
-
-tier2:fedora:rawhide@prep:
-  extends:
-    - .fdo.container-build@fedora
-  stage: prep
-  variables:
-    GIT_STRATEGY: none
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'rawhide'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $FEDORA_TAG
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $FEDORA_EXEC
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
-      when: manual
-      allow_failure: true
-
-tier2:centos:stream9@prep:
-  extends:
-    - .fdo.container-build@centos
-  stage: prep
-  variables:
-    GIT_STRATEGY: none
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'stream9'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $CENTOS_TAG
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $CENTOS_EXEC
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
-      when: manual
-      allow_failure: true
-
-tier2:ubuntu:devel@prep:
-  extends:
-    - .fdo.container-build@ubuntu
-  stage: prep
-  variables:
-    GIT_STRATEGY: none
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'devel'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $UBUNTU_TAG
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $UBUNTU_EXEC
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
-      when: manual
-      allow_failure: true
-
-tier2:debian:testing@prep:
-  extends:
-    - .fdo.container-build@debian
-  stage: prep
-  variables:
-    GIT_STRATEGY: none
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'testing'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $DEBIAN_TAG
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $DEBIAN_EXEC
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
-      when: manual
-      allow_failure: true
-
-tier2:debian:sid@prep:
-  extends:
-    - .fdo.container-build@debian
-  stage: prep
-  variables:
-    GIT_STRATEGY: none
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'sid'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $DEBIAN_TAG
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $DEBIAN_EXEC
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
-      when: manual
-      allow_failure: true
-
-tier2:alpine:edge@prep:
-  extends:
-    - .fdo.container-build@alpine
-  stage: prep
-  variables:
-    GIT_STRATEGY: none
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'edge'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $ALPINE_TAG
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $ALPINE_EXEC
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
      when: manual
@ -226,20 +156,6 @@ tier3:ubuntu:25.04@prep:
      when: manual
      allow_failure: true

-tier3:ubuntu:24.10@prep:
-  extends:
-    - .fdo.container-build@ubuntu
-  stage: prep
-  variables:
-    GIT_STRATEGY: none
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '24.10'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $UBUNTU_TAG
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $UBUNTU_EXEC
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
-      when: manual
-      allow_failure: true
-
 tier3:ubuntu:24.04@prep:
  extends:
    - .fdo.container-build@ubuntu
@ -268,6 +184,20 @@ tier3:ubuntu:22.04@prep:
      when: manual
      allow_failure: true

+tier3:debian:13@prep:
+  extends:
+    - .fdo.container-build@debian
+  stage: prep
+  variables:
+    GIT_STRATEGY: none
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '13'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $DEBIAN_TAG
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $DEBIAN_EXEC
+  rules:
+    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
+      when: manual
+      allow_failure: true
+
 tier3:debian:12@prep:
  extends:
    - .fdo.container-build@debian
@ -282,6 +212,20 @@ tier3:debian:12@prep:
      when: manual
      allow_failure: true

+tier3:alpine:3.22@prep:
+  extends:
+    - .fdo.container-build@alpine
+  stage: prep
+  variables:
+    GIT_STRATEGY: none
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '3.22'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $ALPINE_TAG
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $ALPINE_EXEC
+  rules:
+    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
+      when: manual
+      allow_failure: true
+
 tier3:alpine:3.21@prep:
  extends:
    - .fdo.container-build@alpine
@ -324,6 +268,34 @@ tier3:alpine:3.19@prep:
      when: manual
      allow_failure: true

+tier3:centos:stream10@prep:
+  extends:
+    - .fdo.container-build@centos
+  stage: prep
+  variables:
+    GIT_STRATEGY: none
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'stream10'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $CENTOS_TAG
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $CENTOS_EXEC
+  rules:
+    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
+      when: manual
+      allow_failure: true
+
+tier3:centos:stream9@prep:
+  extends:
+    - .fdo.container-build@centos
+  stage: prep
+  variables:
+    GIT_STRATEGY: none
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'stream9'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $CENTOS_TAG
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_EXEC: $CENTOS_EXEC
+  rules:
+    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
+      when: manual
+      allow_failure: true
+
 #################################################################
 #                                                               #
 # tierN stage                                                   #
@ -340,7 +312,7 @@ tier3:alpine:3.19@prep:
  dependencies: []


-t_fedora:42:
+t_fedora:43:
  extends:
    - .build@template
    - .fdo.distribution-image@fedora
@ -356,94 +328,24 @@ t_fedora:42:
        - tarball
        - subtree
  variables:
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '42'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '43'
    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $FEDORA_TAG
  needs:
-    - "tier1:fedora:42@prep"
+    - "tier1:fedora:43@prep"
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'

-t_fedora:rawhide:
+t_fedora:42:
  extends:
    - .build@template
    - .fdo.distribution-image@fedora
    - .nm_artifacts_debug
-  stage: tier2
+  stage: tier3
  variables:
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'rawhide'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '42'
    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $FEDORA_TAG
  needs:
-    - "tier2:fedora:rawhide@prep"
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
-
-t_centos:stream9:
-  extends:
-    - .build@template
-    - .fdo.distribution-image@centos
-    - .nm_artifacts_debug
-  stage: tier2
-  variables:
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'stream9'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $CENTOS_TAG
-  needs:
-    - "tier2:centos:stream9@prep"
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
-
-t_ubuntu:devel:
-  extends:
-    - .build@template
-    - .fdo.distribution-image@ubuntu
-    - .nm_artifacts_debug
-  stage: tier2
-  variables:
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'devel'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $UBUNTU_TAG
-  needs:
-    - "tier2:ubuntu:devel@prep"
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
-
-t_debian:testing:
-  extends:
-    - .build@template
-    - .fdo.distribution-image@debian
-    - .nm_artifacts_debug
-  stage: tier2
-  variables:
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'testing'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $DEBIAN_TAG
-  needs:
-    - "tier2:debian:testing@prep"
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
-
-t_debian:sid:
-  extends:
-    - .build@template
-    - .fdo.distribution-image@debian
-    - .nm_artifacts_debug
-  stage: tier2
-  variables:
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'sid'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $DEBIAN_TAG
-  needs:
-    - "tier2:debian:sid@prep"
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
-
-t_alpine:edge:
-  extends:
-    - .build@template
-    - .fdo.distribution-image@alpine
-    - .nm_artifacts_debug
-  stage: tier2
-  variables:
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'edge'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $ALPINE_TAG
-  needs:
-    - "tier2:alpine:edge@prep"
+    - "tier3:fedora:42@prep"
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'

@ -475,20 +377,6 @@ t_ubuntu:25.04:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'

-t_ubuntu:24.10:
-  extends:
-    - .build@template
-    - .fdo.distribution-image@ubuntu
-    - .nm_artifacts_debug
-  stage: tier3
-  variables:
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '24.10'
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $UBUNTU_TAG
-  needs:
-    - "tier3:ubuntu:24.10@prep"
-  rules:
-    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
-
 t_ubuntu:24.04:
  extends:
    - .build@template
@ -517,6 +405,20 @@ t_ubuntu:22.04:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'

+t_debian:13:
+  extends:
+    - .build@template
+    - .fdo.distribution-image@debian
+    - .nm_artifacts_debug
+  stage: tier3
+  variables:
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '13'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $DEBIAN_TAG
+  needs:
+    - "tier3:debian:13@prep"
+  rules:
+    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
+
 t_debian:12:
  extends:
    - .build@template
@ -531,6 +433,20 @@ t_debian:12:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'

+t_alpine:3.22:
+  extends:
+    - .build@template
+    - .fdo.distribution-image@alpine
+    - .nm_artifacts_debug
+  stage: tier3
+  variables:
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '3.22'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $ALPINE_TAG
+  needs:
+    - "tier3:alpine:3.22@prep"
+  rules:
+    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
+
 t_alpine:3.21:
  extends:
    - .build@template
@ -573,6 +489,34 @@ t_alpine:3.19:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'

+t_centos:stream10:
+  extends:
+    - .build@template
+    - .fdo.distribution-image@centos
+    - .nm_artifacts_debug
+  stage: tier3
+  variables:
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'stream10'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $CENTOS_TAG
+  needs:
+    - "tier3:centos:stream10@prep"
+  rules:
+    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
+
+t_centos:stream9:
+  extends:
+    - .build@template
+    - .fdo.distribution-image@centos
+    - .nm_artifacts_debug
+  stage: tier3
+  variables:
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: 'stream9'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $CENTOS_TAG
+  needs:
+    - "tier3:centos:stream9@prep"
+  rules:
+    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
+
 #################################################################
 #                                                               #
 # specific jobs                                                 #
@ -583,10 +527,10 @@ check-patch:
  extends:
    - .fdo.distribution-image@fedora
  variables:
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '42'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '43'
    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $FEDORA_TAG
  needs:
-    - "tier1:fedora:42@prep"
+    - "tier1:fedora:43@prep"
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE != 'schedule'
  stage: tier1
@ -598,10 +542,10 @@ check-tree:
  extends:
    - .fdo.distribution-image@fedora
  variables:
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '42'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '43'
    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $FEDORA_TAG
  needs:
-    - "tier1:fedora:42@prep"
+    - "tier1:fedora:43@prep"
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == 'merge_request_event' && $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_TARGET_BRANCH_NAME != $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH
      allow_failure: true
@ -631,9 +575,9 @@ pages:
      when: never
    - if: $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_SOURCE_BRANCH_NAME == 'main'
  dependencies:
-    - "t_fedora:42: [meson+gcc+docs+valgrind]"
+    - "t_fedora:43: [meson+gcc+docs+valgrind]"
  needs:
-    - "t_fedora:42: [meson+gcc+docs+valgrind]"
+    - "t_fedora:43: [meson+gcc+docs+valgrind]"

 triage:issues:
  stage: triage
@ -650,11 +594,11 @@ coverity:
  extends:
    - .fdo.distribution-image@fedora
  variables:
-    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '42'
+    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION: '43'
    FDO_DISTRIBUTION_TAG: $FEDORA_TAG
  stage: coverity
  needs:
-    - "tier1:fedora:42@prep"
+    - "tier1:fedora:43@prep"
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule" && $SCHEDULED_PIPELINE_NAME == "weekly"
  script:
--- a/.gitlab-ci/config.yml
+++ b/.gitlab-ci/config.yml
@ -23,52 +23,38 @@ distributions:
  - name: fedora
    tier: 1
    versions:
-      - '42'
+      - '43'

  # TIER 2: distribution versions that will or might use the current NM version.
  # Run when doing a release.
-  - name: fedora
-    tier: 2
-    versions:
-      - 'rawhide'
-  - name: centos
-    tier: 2
-    versions:
-      - 'stream9'
-  - name: ubuntu
-    tier: 2
-    versions:
-      - 'devel'
-  - name: debian
-    tier: 2
-    versions:
-      - 'testing'
-      - 'sid'
-  - name: alpine
-    tier: 2
-    versions:
-      - 'edge'

  # TIER 3: distribution versions not in EOL but don't use the current NM version.
  # Run when doing a release, but a failure won't be blocking for the release.
  - name: fedora
    tier: 3
    versions:
+      - '42'
      - '41'
  - name: ubuntu
    tier: 3
    versions:
      - '25.04'
-      - '24.10'
      - '24.04'
      - '22.04'
  - name: debian
    tier: 3
    versions:
+      - '13'
      - '12'
  - name: alpine
    tier: 3
    versions:
+      - '3.22'
      - '3.21'
      - '3.20'
      - '3.19'
+  - name: centos
+    tier: 3
+    versions:
+      - 'stream10'
+      - 'stream9'
--- a/.gitlab-ci/fedora-install.sh
+++ b/.gitlab-ci/fedora-install.sh
@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ if [ $IS_CENTOS = 1 ]; then
        CENTOS_VERSION=8
    elif grep -q '^VERSION_ID=.*\<9\>' /etc/os-release ; then
        CENTOS_VERSION=9
+    elif grep -q '^VERSION_ID=.*\<10\>' /etc/os-release ; then
+        CENTOS_VERSION=10
    else
        exit 1
    fi
@ -33,6 +35,11 @@ fi
        dnf install -y 'dnf-command(config-manager)'
        dnf config-manager --set-enabled crb
        curl https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/nmstate/nm-build-deps/repo/epel-9/nmstate-nm-build-deps-epel-9.repo > /etc/yum.repos.d/nmstate-nm-build-deps-epel-9.repo
+    elif [ "$CENTOS_VERSION" = stream10 ]; then
+        dnf install -y https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-10.noarch.rpm
+        dnf install -y 'dnf-command(config-manager)'
+        dnf config-manager --set-enabled crb
+        curl https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/nmstate/nm-build-deps/repo/epel-10/nmstate-nm-build-deps-epel-10.repo > /etc/yum.repos.d/nmstate-nm-build-deps-epel-10.repo
    else
        exit 1
    fi
--- a/.gitlab-ci/run-test.sh
+++ b/.gitlab-ci/run-test.sh
@ -17,10 +17,17 @@ grep -q '^NAME=.*\(CentOS\)' /etc/os-release && IS_CENTOS=1
 grep -q '^NAME=.*\(Fedora\)' /etc/os-release && IS_FEDORA=1
 grep -q '^NAME=.*\(Alpine\)' /etc/os-release && IS_ALPINE=1

-IS_CENTOS_7=0
 if [ $IS_CENTOS = 1 ]; then
-    if grep -q '^VERSION_ID=.*\<7\>' /etc/os-release ; then
-        IS_CENTOS_7=1
+    CENTOS_VER_LINE="$(grep '^VERSION_ID=' /etc/os-release)"
+    if [[ $CENTOS_VER_LINE =~ ^VERSION_ID=\"?([0-9]+)\"?$ ]]; then
+        CENTOS_VER="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
+    else
+        echo "Error detecting CentOS Stream version" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    if (( $CENTOS_VER >= 10 )); then
+        export WITH_LIBTEAM=0
    fi
 fi

--- a/34
+++ b/34
@ -1,3 +1,37 @@
+===============================================
+NetworkManager-1.54.3
+Overview of changes since NetworkManager-1.54.2
+===============================================
+
+* For private connections (the ones that specify a user in the
+  "connection.permissions" property), verify that the user can access
+  the 802.1X certificates and keys set in the connection.
+* Introduce a libnm function that can be used by VPN plugins to check
+  user permissions on certificate and keys.
+
+===============================================
+NetworkManager-1.54.2
+Overview of changes since NetworkManager-1.54.1
+===============================================
+
+* Support reapplying the "sriov.vfs" property as long as
+  "sriov.total-vfs" is not changed.
+* Support configuring the HSR protocol version via the
+  "hsr.protocol-version" property.
+* Support configuring the HSR interlink port via the
+  "hsr.interlink" property.
+
+===============================================
+NetworkManager-1.54.1
+Overview of changes since NetworkManager-1.54.0
+===============================================
+
+* Make that global-dns configuration overwrites DNS searches and
+  options from connections, instead of merging all together.
+* Add support for a new rd.net.dhcp.client-id option in
+  nm-initrd-generator.
+* Minor bug fixes.
+
 =============================================
 NetworkManager-1.54
 Overview of changes since NetworkManager-1.52
--- a/contrib/alpine/REQUIRED_PACKAGES
+++ b/contrib/alpine/REQUIRED_PACKAGES
@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ apk add \
    'clang' \
    'curl-dev' \
    'dbus' \
+    'dbus-dev' \
    'elogind-dev' \
    'eudev-dev' \
    'gcc' \
--- a/contrib/fedora/rpm/NetworkManager.spec
+++ b/contrib/fedora/rpm/NetworkManager.spec
@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ Preferably use nmcli instead.
 	-Dsession_tracking=systemd \
 	-Dsuspend_resume=systemd \
 	-Dsystemdsystemunitdir=%{_unitdir} \
-	-Dsystem_ca_path=/etc/pki/tls/cert.pem \
+	-Dsystem_ca_path=/etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/pem/tls-ca-bundle.pem \
 	-Ddbus_conf_dir=%{dbus_sys_dir} \
 	-Dtests=yes \
 	-Dvalgrind=no \
@ -896,6 +896,7 @@ fi
 %{_libexecdir}/nm-dispatcher
 %{_libexecdir}/nm-initrd-generator
 %{_libexecdir}/nm-daemon-helper
+%{_libexecdir}/nm-libnm-helper
 %{_libexecdir}/nm-priv-helper
 %dir %{_libdir}/%{name}
 %dir %{nmplugindir}
--- a/contrib/scripts/nm-ci-run.sh
+++ b/contrib/scripts/nm-ci-run.sh
@ -84,6 +84,14 @@ if [ "$CC" != gcc ]; then
    _WITH_CRYPTO=nss
 fi

+if [ "$WITH_LIBTEAM" != "" ]; then
+    if _is_true "$WITH_LIBTEAM"; then
+        _WITH_LIBTEAM="true"
+    else
+        _WITH_LIBTEAM="false"
+    fi
+fi
+
 if [ "$WITH_DOCS" != "" ]; then
    if _is_true "$WITH_DOCS"; then
        _WITH_DOCS="true"
--- a/examples/C/glib/monitor-nm-state-gdbus.c
+++ b/examples/C/glib/monitor-nm-state-gdbus.c
@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ static const char *
 nm_state_to_string(NMState state)
 {
    switch (state) {
-    case NM_STATE_ASLEEP:
-        return "asleep";
+    case NM_STATE_DISABLED:
+        return "network off";
    case NM_STATE_CONNECTING:
        return "connecting";
    case NM_STATE_CONNECTED_LOCAL:
--- a/man/NetworkManager.conf.xml
+++ b/man/NetworkManager.conf.xml
@ -1540,8 +1540,12 @@ managed=1

  <refsect1>
    <title><literal>global-dns</literal> section</title>
-    <para>This section specifies DNS settings that are applied
-    globally, in addition to connection-specific ones.</para>
+    <para>This section specifies DNS settings that are applied globally. They
+    override the equivalent options defined in individual connections, making
+    them to be ignored. If a [global-dns-domain-*] section is defined, but this
+    section isn't, an empty [global-dns] section is assumed, thus overwriting
+    connection specific configurations too.
+    </para>
    <para>
      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
@ -1601,6 +1605,10 @@ managed=1
    default domain "*". When the global DNS domains are valid, the
    name servers and domains defined globally override the ones from
    active connections.
+
+    If any global DNS domain is defined but a [global-dns] section isn't,
+    an empty [global-dns] section is assumed, thus overwriting its
+    connection specific configurations too.
    </para>
    <para>
      <variablelist>
--- a/man/nm-initrd-generator.xml
+++ b/man/nm-initrd-generator.xml
@ -162,6 +162,7 @@
            <member><option>rd.net.dns-backend</option></member>
            <member><option>rd.net.dns-resolve-mode</option></member>
            <member><option>rd.net.timeout.dhcp</option></member>
+            <member><option>rd.net.dhcp.client-id</option></member>
            <member><option>rd.net.dhcp.retry</option></member>
            <member><option>rd.net.dhcp.vendor-class</option></member>
            <member><option>rd.net.dhcp.dscp</option></member>
@ -268,6 +269,23 @@
        </para>
      </listitem>

+      <listitem>
+        <para>NetworkManager supports the
+        <option>rd.net.dhcp.client-id</option>=<replaceable>interface</replaceable>:<replaceable>client-id</replaceable>
+        kernel command line option to set a specific DHCPv4 client identifier
+        for the given interface. The client-id can be specified either as a
+        sequence of bytes in hexadecimal format separated by dashes, or as the
+        character '@' followed by a non-empty string. When using the second
+        format, NetworkManager prepends a zero byte to the given string,
+        according to section 9.14 of RFC 2132. See the "ipv4.dhcp-client-id"
+        section of <link
+        linkend='nm-settings-nmcli'><citerefentry><refentrytitle>nm-settings-nmcli</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></link>
+        for more details. Examples:
+        <literal>rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth0:01-52-54-00-45-87-42</literal>,
+        <literal>rd.net.dhcp.client-id=enp1s0:@example.com</literal>.
+        </para>
+      </listitem>
+
    </itemizedlist>
  </refsect1>

@ -278,6 +296,7 @@

  <refsect1 id='see_also'><title>See Also</title>
    <para><link linkend='dracut.cmdline'><citerefentry><refentrytitle>dracut.cmdline</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></link>,
-    <link linkend='NetworkManager'><citerefentry><refentrytitle>NetworkManager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></link>.</para>
+    <link linkend='NetworkManager'><citerefentry><refentrytitle>NetworkManager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></link>,
+    <link linkend='nm-settings-nmcli'><citerefentry><refentrytitle>nm-settings-nmcli</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></link>.</para>
  </refsect1>
 </refentry>
--- a/man/nm-openvswitch.xml
+++ b/man/nm-openvswitch.xml
@ -91,6 +91,10 @@
      NetworkManager inserts the records for Bridges into OVSDB when a Port is
      attached.
      </para>
+
+      <para>Known limitation: when the last NetworkManager's owned port is removed,
+      the bridge is removed too, even if there are other externally attached ports.
+      </para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
@ -102,6 +106,10 @@
      exist.  Ports can also be configured to do VLAN tagging or Bonding.
      NetworkManager inserts the records for Ports into OVSDB when an Interface is
      attached. Ports must be attached to a Bridge.</para>
+
+      <para>Known limitation: when the last NetworkManager's owned interface is removed,
+      the port is removed too, even if there are other externally attached interfaces.
+      </para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ project(
 # NOTE: When incrementing version also add corresponding
 #       NM_VERSION_x_y_z macros in
 #       "src/libnm-core-public/nm-version-macros.h.in"
-  version: '1.54.0',
+  version: '1.54.3',
  license: 'GPL2+',
  default_options: [
    'buildtype=debugoptimized',
--- a/src/core/devices/nm-device-bond.c
+++ b/src/core/devices/nm-device-bond.c
@ -52,8 +52,7 @@
        NM_SETTING_BOND_OPTION_PACKETS_PER_SLAVE, NM_SETTING_BOND_OPTION_PRIMARY_RESELECT, \
        NM_SETTING_BOND_OPTION_RESEND_IGMP, NM_SETTING_BOND_OPTION_USE_CARRIER,            \
        NM_SETTING_BOND_OPTION_XMIT_HASH_POLICY, NM_SETTING_BOND_OPTION_NUM_GRAT_ARP,      \
-        NM_SETTING_BOND_OPTION_PEER_NOTIF_DELAY, NM_SETTING_BOND_OPTION_ARP_MISSED_MAX,    \
-        NM_SETTING_BOND_OPTION_LACP_ACTIVE
+        NM_SETTING_BOND_OPTION_PEER_NOTIF_DELAY, NM_SETTING_BOND_OPTION_ARP_MISSED_MAX

 #define OPTIONS_REAPPLY_FULL                                     \
    OPTIONS_REAPPLY_SUBSET, NM_SETTING_BOND_OPTION_ACTIVE_SLAVE, \
--- a/src/core/devices/nm-device-ethernet.c
+++ b/src/core/devices/nm-device-ethernet.c
@ -630,10 +630,17 @@ build_supplicant_config(NMDeviceEthernet *self, GError **error)
    mtu      = nm_platform_link_get_mtu(nm_device_get_platform(NM_DEVICE(self)),
                                   nm_device_get_ifindex(NM_DEVICE(self)));

-    config = nm_supplicant_config_new(NM_SUPPL_CAP_MASK_NONE);
+    config = nm_supplicant_config_new(NM_SUPPL_CAP_MASK_NONE,
+                                      nm_utils_get_connection_first_permissions_user(connection));

    security = nm_connection_get_setting_802_1x(connection);
-    if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(config, security, con_uuid, mtu, TRUE, error)) {
+    if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(config,
+                                                security,
+                                                con_uuid,
+                                                mtu,
+                                                TRUE,
+                                                nm_device_get_private_files(NM_DEVICE(self)),
+                                                error)) {
        g_prefix_error(error, "802-1x-setting: ");
        g_clear_object(&config);
    }
--- a/src/core/devices/nm-device-hsr.c
+++ b/src/core/devices/nm-device-hsr.c
@ -117,28 +117,50 @@ create_and_realize(NMDevice              *device,
                   GError               **error)
 {
    const char        *iface   = nm_device_get_iface(device);
+    nm_auto_free char *err_msg = NULL;
    NMSettingHsr      *s_hsr;
    NMPlatformLnkHsr   lnk = {};
-    int              r;
+    int                r   = 0;

    s_hsr = _nm_connection_get_setting(connection, NM_TYPE_SETTING_HSR);
+
    nm_assert(s_hsr);

    if (nm_setting_hsr_get_port1(s_hsr) != NULL)
        lnk.port1 = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, nm_setting_hsr_get_port1(s_hsr));
    if (nm_setting_hsr_get_port2(s_hsr) != NULL)
        lnk.port2 = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, nm_setting_hsr_get_port2(s_hsr));
+    if (nm_setting_hsr_get_interlink(s_hsr) != NULL) {
+        const char *ifname  = nm_setting_hsr_get_interlink(s_hsr);
+        int         ifindex = nm_platform_link_get_ifindex(NM_PLATFORM_GET, ifname);
+
+        if (ifindex <= 0) {
+            err_msg = g_strdup_printf("interlink port '%s' does not exist", ifname);
+            goto out;
+        }
+
+        lnk.interlink = ifindex;
+    }
+
    lnk.multicast_spec   = nm_setting_hsr_get_multicast_spec(s_hsr);
    lnk.prp              = nm_setting_hsr_get_prp(s_hsr);
+    lnk.protocol_version = nm_setting_hsr_get_protocol_version(s_hsr);
+
    r = nm_platform_link_hsr_add(nm_device_get_platform(device), iface, &lnk, out_plink);
+
    if (r < 0) {
+        err_msg = g_strdup(nm_strerror(r) ?: "unknown");
+    }
+
+out:
+    if (err_msg) {
        g_set_error(error,
                    NM_DEVICE_ERROR,
                    NM_DEVICE_ERROR_CREATION_FAILED,
                    "Failed to create HSR interface '%s' for '%s': %s",
                    iface,
                    nm_connection_get_id(connection),
-                    nm_strerror(r));
+                    err_msg);
        return FALSE;
    }

--- a/src/core/devices/nm-device-macsec.c
+++ b/src/core/devices/nm-device-macsec.c
@ -201,7 +201,8 @@ build_supplicant_config(NMDeviceMacsec *self, GError **error)
    mtu      = nm_platform_link_get_mtu(nm_device_get_platform(NM_DEVICE(self)),
                                   nm_device_get_ifindex(NM_DEVICE(self)));

-    config = nm_supplicant_config_new(NM_SUPPL_CAP_MASK_NONE);
+    config = nm_supplicant_config_new(NM_SUPPL_CAP_MASK_NONE,
+                                      nm_utils_get_connection_first_permissions_user(connection));

    s_macsec = nm_device_get_applied_setting(NM_DEVICE(self), NM_TYPE_SETTING_MACSEC);

@ -227,7 +228,13 @@ build_supplicant_config(NMDeviceMacsec *self, GError **error)

    if (nm_setting_macsec_get_mode(s_macsec) == NM_SETTING_MACSEC_MODE_EAP) {
        s_8021x = nm_connection_get_setting_802_1x(connection);
-        if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(config, s_8021x, con_uuid, mtu, TRUE, error)) {
+        if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(config,
+                                                    s_8021x,
+                                                    con_uuid,
+                                                    mtu,
+                                                    TRUE,
+                                                    nm_device_get_private_files(NM_DEVICE(self)),
+                                                    error)) {
            g_prefix_error(error, "802-1x-setting: ");
            return NULL;
        }
--- a/src/core/devices/nm-device-private.h
+++ b/src/core/devices/nm-device-private.h
@ -179,4 +179,6 @@ void nm_device_auth_request(NMDevice                      *self,

 void nm_device_link_properties_set(NMDevice *self, gboolean reapply);

+GHashTable *nm_device_get_private_files(NMDevice *self);
+
 #endif /* NM_DEVICE_PRIVATE_H */
--- a/src/core/devices/nm-device-utils.c
+++ b/src/core/devices/nm-device-utils.c
@ -135,13 +135,15 @@ NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_DEFINE(
    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_LINK_NOT_INIT,
                             "unmanaged-link-not-init"),
    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_QUITTING, "unmanaged-quitting"),
-    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING, "unmanaged-sleeping"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED,
+                             "unmanaged-nm-disabled"),
    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_USER_CONF, "unmanaged-user-conf"),
    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_USER_EXPLICIT,
                             "unmanaged-user-explicit"),
    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_USER_SETTINGS,
                             "unmanaged-user-settings"),
-    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_USER_UDEV, "unmanaged-user-udev"), );
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_USER_UDEV, "unmanaged-user-udev"),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_NETWORKING_OFF, "networking-off"), );

 NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_DEFINE(nm_device_mtu_source_to_string,
                           NMDeviceMtuSource,
@ -235,7 +237,7 @@ resolve_addr_helper_cb(GObject *source, GAsyncResult *result, gpointer user_data
    gs_free_error GError *error  = NULL;
    gs_free char         *output = NULL;

-    output = nm_utils_spawn_helper_finish(result, &error);
+    output = nm_utils_spawn_helper_finish_string(result, &error);
    if (nm_utils_error_is_cancelled(error))
        return;

@ -274,6 +276,7 @@ resolve_addr_spawn_helper(ResolveAddrInfo *info, ResolveAddrService services)
    nm_inet_ntop(info->addr_family, &info->address, addr_str);
    _LOG2D(info, "start lookup via nm-daemon-helper using services: %s", str);
    nm_utils_spawn_helper(NM_MAKE_STRV("resolve-address", addr_str, str),
+                          FALSE,
                          g_task_get_cancellable(info->task),
                          resolve_addr_helper_cb,
                          info);
--- a/src/core/devices/nm-device.c
+++ b/src/core/devices/nm-device.c
@ -335,6 +335,12 @@ typedef struct {
    int           addr_family;
 } HostnameResolver;

+typedef enum {
+    PRIVATE_FILES_STATE_UNKNOWN = 0,
+    PRIVATE_FILES_STATE_READING,
+    PRIVATE_FILES_STATE_DONE,
+} PrivateFilesState;
+
 /*****************************************************************************/

 enum {
@ -692,6 +698,8 @@ typedef struct _NMDevicePrivate {

    IPDevStateData ipdev_data_unspec;

+    gulong sharing_ipv4_changed_id;
+
    struct {
        /* If we set the addrgenmode6, this records the previously set value. */
        guint8 previous_mode_val;
@ -769,6 +777,13 @@ typedef struct _NMDevicePrivate {
        guint64  rx_bytes;
    } stats;

+    struct {
+        GHashTable       *table;
+        GCancellable     *cancellable;
+        char             *user;
+        PrivateFilesState state;
+    } private_files;
+
    bool mtu_force_set_done : 1;

    bool needs_ip6_subnet : 1;
@ -779,7 +794,6 @@ typedef struct _NMDevicePrivate {
    char     *prop_ip_iface; /* IP interface D-Bus property */
    GList    *ping_operations;
    GSource  *ping_timeout;
-    bool      refresh_forwarding_done : 1;
 } NMDevicePrivate;

 G_DEFINE_ABSTRACT_TYPE(NMDevice, nm_device, NM_TYPE_DBUS_OBJECT)
@ -867,6 +881,8 @@ static void _dev_ipshared4_spawn_dnsmasq(NMDevice *self);

 static void _dev_ipshared6_start(NMDevice *self);

+static void _dev_ipforwarding4_start(NMDevice *self, int addr_family);
+
 static void
 _cleanup_ip_pre(NMDevice *self, int addr_family, CleanupType cleanup_type, gboolean preserve_dhcp);

@ -2131,8 +2147,8 @@ _prop_get_ipvx_dhcp_send_hostname(NMDevice *self, int addr_family)
    return send_hostname_v2;
 }

-NMSettingIPConfigForwarding
-nm_device_get_ipv4_forwarding(NMDevice *self)
+static NMSettingIPConfigForwarding
+_prop_get_ipv4_forwarding(NMDevice *self)
 {
    NMSettingIPConfig          *s_ip;
    NMSettingIPConfigForwarding forwarding;
@ -3778,7 +3794,7 @@ nm_device_assume_state_reset(NMDevice *self)

 /*****************************************************************************/

-char *
+static char *
 nm_device_sysctl_ip_conf_get(NMDevice *self, int addr_family, const char *property)
 {
    const char *ifname;
@ -6645,7 +6661,7 @@ concheck_update_state(NMDevice           *self,
    }
 }

-const char *
+static const char *
 nm_device_get_effective_ip_config_method(NMDevice *self, int addr_family)
 {
    NMDeviceClass *klass;
@ -8639,6 +8655,8 @@ nm_device_unrealize(NMDevice *self, gboolean remove_resources, GError **error)

    g_object_thaw_notify(G_OBJECT(self));

+    nm_device_managed_type_set(self, NM_DEVICE_MANAGED_TYPE_REMOVED);
+
    nm_device_set_unmanaged_flags(self, NM_UNMANAGED_PLATFORM_INIT, TRUE);

    nm_device_set_unmanaged_flags(self,
@ -9164,6 +9182,10 @@ is_available(NMDevice *self, NMDeviceCheckDevAvailableFlags flags)
 {
    NMDevicePrivate *priv = NM_DEVICE_GET_PRIVATE(self);

+    /* unrealized software devices are always available, hardware devices never */
+    if (!nm_device_is_real(self))
+        return nm_device_is_software(self);
+
    if (priv->carrier || priv->ignore_carrier)
        return TRUE;

@ -10390,6 +10412,43 @@ sriov_params_cb(GError *error, gpointer user_data)
    nm_device_activate_schedule_stage1_device_prepare(self, FALSE);
 }

+static gboolean
+sriov_gen_platform_vfs(NMDevice       *self,
+                       NMSettingSriov *s_sriov,
+                       NMPlatformVF ***plat_vfs_out,
+                       GError        **error)
+{
+    nm_auto_freev NMPlatformVF **plat_vfs = NULL;
+    guint                        num;
+
+    nm_assert(s_sriov);
+    nm_assert(plat_vfs_out && !*plat_vfs_out);
+
+    num      = nm_setting_sriov_get_num_vfs(s_sriov);
+    plat_vfs = g_new0(NMPlatformVF *, num + 1);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+        NMSriovVF            *vf    = nm_setting_sriov_get_vf(s_sriov, i);
+        gs_free_error GError *local = NULL;
+
+        plat_vfs[i] = sriov_vf_config_to_platform(self, vf, &local);
+
+        if (!plat_vfs[i]) {
+            g_set_error(error,
+                        local->domain,
+                        local->code,
+                        "VF '%s' is invalid: %s",
+                        nm_utils_sriov_vf_to_str(vf, FALSE, NULL),
+                        local->message);
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    *plat_vfs_out = g_steal_pointer(&plat_vfs);
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
 /*
 * activate_stage1_device_prepare
 *
@ -10436,10 +10495,7 @@ activate_stage1_device_prepare(NMDevice *self)
        if (s_sriov && nm_device_has_capability(self, NM_DEVICE_CAP_SRIOV)) {
            nm_auto_freev NMPlatformVF **plat_vfs = NULL;
            gs_free_error GError        *error    = NULL;
-            NMSriovVF                   *vf;
            NMTernary                    autoprobe;
-            guint                        num;
-            guint                        i;

            autoprobe = nm_setting_sriov_get_autoprobe_drivers(s_sriov);
            if (autoprobe == NM_TERNARY_DEFAULT) {
@ -10452,22 +10508,13 @@ activate_stage1_device_prepare(NMDevice *self)
                    NM_OPTION_BOOL_TRUE);
            }

-            num      = nm_setting_sriov_get_num_vfs(s_sriov);
-            plat_vfs = g_new0(NMPlatformVF *, num + 1);
-            for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
-                vf          = nm_setting_sriov_get_vf(s_sriov, i);
-                plat_vfs[i] = sriov_vf_config_to_platform(self, vf, &error);
-                if (!plat_vfs[i]) {
-                    _LOGE(LOGD_DEVICE,
-                          "failed to apply SR-IOV VF '%s': %s",
-                          nm_utils_sriov_vf_to_str(vf, FALSE, NULL),
-                          error->message);
+            if (!sriov_gen_platform_vfs(self, s_sriov, &plat_vfs, &error)) {
+                _LOGE(LOGD_DEVICE, "cannot parse the VF list: %s", error->message);
                nm_device_state_changed(self,
                                        NM_DEVICE_STATE_FAILED,
                                        NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_SRIOV_CONFIGURATION_FAILED);
                return;
            }
-            }

            /* When changing the number of VFs the kernel can block
             * for very long time in the write to sysfs, especially
@ -10773,6 +10820,49 @@ tc_commit(NMDevice *self)
    return TRUE;
 }

+static void
+read_private_files_cb(GObject *source_object, GAsyncResult *result, gpointer data)
+{
+    gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *table = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError          *error = NULL;
+    NMDevice                      *self;
+    NMDevicePrivate               *priv;
+
+    table = nm_utils_read_private_files_finish(result, &error);
+    if (nm_utils_error_is_cancelled(error))
+        return;
+
+    self = NM_DEVICE(data);
+    priv = NM_DEVICE_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    if (error) {
+        NMConnection *connection = nm_device_get_applied_connection(self);
+
+        _LOGW(LOGD_DEVICE,
+              "could not read files for private connection %s owned by user '%s': %s",
+              connection ? nm_connection_get_uuid(connection) : NULL,
+              priv->private_files.user,
+              error->message);
+        nm_device_state_changed(self, NM_DEVICE_STATE_FAILED, NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_CONFIG_FAILED);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    _LOGD(LOGD_DEVICE, "private files successfully read");
+
+    priv->private_files.state = PRIVATE_FILES_STATE_DONE;
+    priv->private_files.table = g_steal_pointer(&table);
+    g_clear_pointer(&priv->private_files.user, g_free);
+    g_clear_object(&priv->private_files.cancellable);
+
+    nm_device_activate_schedule_stage2_device_config(self, FALSE);
+}
+
+GHashTable *
+nm_device_get_private_files(NMDevice *self)
+{
+    return NM_DEVICE_GET_PRIVATE(self)->private_files.table;
+}
+
 /*
 * activate_stage2_device_config
 *
@ -10785,6 +10875,7 @@ activate_stage2_device_config(NMDevice *self)
 {
    NMDevicePrivate *priv  = NM_DEVICE_GET_PRIVATE(self);
    NMDeviceClass   *klass = NM_DEVICE_GET_CLASS(self);
+    NMConnection    *applied;
    NMActStageReturn ret;
    NMSettingWired  *s_wired;
    gboolean         no_firmware = FALSE;
@ -10793,6 +10884,68 @@ activate_stage2_device_config(NMDevice *self)

    nm_device_state_changed(self, NM_DEVICE_STATE_CONFIG, NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_NONE);

+    applied = nm_device_get_applied_connection(self);
+
+    /* If the connection is private (owned by a specific user), we need to
+     * verify that the user has permission to access any files specified in
+     * the connection, such as certificates and keys. We do that by calling
+     * nm_utils_read_private_files() and saving the file contents in a hash
+     * table that can be accessed later during the activation. It is important
+     * to never access the files again to avoid TOCTOU bugs.
+     */
+    switch (priv->private_files.state) {
+    case PRIVATE_FILES_STATE_UNKNOWN:
+    {
+        gs_free const char **paths = NULL;
+        NMSettingConnection *s_con;
+        const char          *user;
+
+        s_con = nm_connection_get_setting_connection(applied);
+        nm_assert(s_con);
+        user = _nm_setting_connection_get_first_permissions_user(s_con);
+
+        priv->private_files.user = g_strdup(user);
+        if (!priv->private_files.user) {
+            priv->private_files.state = PRIVATE_FILES_STATE_DONE;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        paths = nm_utils_get_connection_private_files_paths(applied);
+        if (!paths) {
+            priv->private_files.state = PRIVATE_FILES_STATE_DONE;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (_nm_setting_connection_get_num_permissions_users(s_con) > 1) {
+            _LOGW(LOGD_DEVICE,
+                  "private connections with multiple users are not allowed to reference "
+                  "certificates and keys on the filesystem. Specify only one user in the "
+                  "connection.permissions property.");
+            nm_device_state_changed(self,
+                                    NM_DEVICE_STATE_FAILED,
+                                    NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_CONFIG_FAILED);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        priv->private_files.state       = PRIVATE_FILES_STATE_READING;
+        priv->private_files.cancellable = g_cancellable_new();
+
+        _LOGD(LOGD_DEVICE, "reading private files");
+        nm_utils_read_private_files(paths,
+                                    priv->private_files.user,
+                                    priv->private_files.cancellable,
+                                    read_private_files_cb,
+                                    self);
+        return;
+    }
+    case PRIVATE_FILES_STATE_READING:
+        /* wait */
+        return;
+    case PRIVATE_FILES_STATE_DONE:
+        /* proceed */
+        break;
+    }
+
    if (!nm_device_managed_type_is_external(self)) {
        _ethtool_state_set(self);
        nm_device_link_properties_set(self, FALSE);
@ -10809,7 +10962,7 @@ activate_stage2_device_config(NMDevice *self)
        priv->tc_committed = TRUE;
    }

-    nm_routing_rules_sync(nm_device_get_applied_connection(self),
+    nm_routing_rules_sync(applied,
                          NM_TERNARY_TRUE,
                          klass->get_extra_rules,
                          self,
@ -13135,17 +13288,12 @@ activate_stage3_ip_config_for_addr_family(NMDevice *self, int addr_family)
        goto out_devip;

    if (IS_IPv4) {
-        NMSettingIPConfigForwarding ipv4_forwarding = nm_device_get_ipv4_forwarding(self);
-
-        if (NM_IN_SET(ipv4_forwarding,
-                      NM_SETTING_IP_CONFIG_FORWARDING_NO,
-                      NM_SETTING_IP_CONFIG_FORWARDING_YES)) {
-            nm_device_sysctl_ip_conf_set(self, AF_INET, "forwarding", ipv4_forwarding ? "1" : "0");
-        }
        priv->ipll_data_4.v4.mode = _prop_get_ipv4_link_local(self);
        if (priv->ipll_data_4.v4.mode == NM_SETTING_IP4_LL_ENABLED)
            _dev_ipll4_start(self);

+        _dev_ipforwarding4_start(self, addr_family);
+
        if (nm_streq(priv->ipv4_method, NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_METHOD_AUTO))
            _dev_ipdhcpx_start(self, AF_INET);
        else if (nm_streq(priv->ipv4_method, NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_METHOD_LINK_LOCAL)) {
@ -13467,13 +13615,19 @@ _dev_ipsharedx_set_state(NMDevice *self, int addr_family, NMDeviceIPState state)
 {
    NMDevicePrivate *priv      = NM_DEVICE_GET_PRIVATE(self);
    const int        IS_IPv4   = NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family);
+    NMDeviceIPState  old_state = priv->ipshared_data_x[IS_IPv4].state;

-    if (priv->ipshared_data_x[IS_IPv4].state != state) {
+    if (old_state != state) {
        _LOGD_ipshared(addr_family,
                       "set state %s (was %s)",
                       nm_device_ip_state_to_string(state),
-                       nm_device_ip_state_to_string(priv->ipshared_data_x[IS_IPv4].state));
+                       nm_device_ip_state_to_string(old_state));
        priv->ipshared_data_x[IS_IPv4].state = state;
+
+        if (old_state == NM_DEVICE_IP_STATE_READY || state == NM_DEVICE_IP_STATE_READY)
+            nm_manager_update_shared_connection(NM_MANAGER_GET,
+                                                addr_family,
+                                                state == NM_DEVICE_IP_STATE_READY);
    }
 }

@ -13768,6 +13922,106 @@ _dev_ipshared6_start(NMDevice *self)

 /*****************************************************************************/

+/**
+ * Set the device's forwarding to the specified value. If %NM_TERNARY_DEFAULT is specified,
+ * it's set to the kernel's default, otherwise it's set to the specific value.
+ */
+static void
+_dev_ipforwarding4_set(NMDevice *self, NMTernary val)
+{
+    gs_free const char *default_forwarding = NULL;
+    gs_free const char *current_forwarding = NULL;
+    const char         *val_str;
+
+    if (val != NM_TERNARY_DEFAULT) {
+        val_str = val ? "1" : "0";
+    } else {
+        default_forwarding = nm_platform_sysctl_get(
+            nm_device_get_platform(self),
+            NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/default/forwarding"));
+
+        if (!default_forwarding) {
+            _LOGW(LOGD_DEVICE,
+                  "error setting IPv4 forwarding: can't read default forwarding value: %s",
+                  nm_strerror_native(errno));
+            return; /* Non fatal */
+        }
+
+        val_str = default_forwarding;
+    }
+
+    current_forwarding = nm_device_sysctl_ip_conf_get(self, AF_INET, "forwarding");
+    if (nm_streq0(current_forwarding, val_str))
+        return;
+
+    if (!nm_device_sysctl_ip_conf_set(self, AF_INET, "forwarding", val_str))
+        _LOGW(LOGD_DEVICE,
+              "error setting IPv4 forwarding to '%s': %s",
+              val_str,
+              nm_strerror_native(errno));
+}
+
+static void
+_dev_ipforwarding4_auto_cb(NMManager *manager, gboolean sharing_ipv4, gpointer data)
+{
+    NMDevice *self = NM_DEVICE(data);
+
+    _dev_ipforwarding4_set(self, sharing_ipv4 ? NM_TERNARY_TRUE : NM_TERNARY_DEFAULT);
+}
+
+static void
+_dev_ipforwarding4_start(NMDevice *self, int addr_family)
+{
+    NMDevicePrivate            *priv            = NM_DEVICE_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+    NMSettingIPConfigForwarding ipv4_forwarding = _prop_get_ipv4_forwarding(self);
+    NMTernary                   new_forwarding  = NM_TERNARY_DEFAULT;
+
+    /* IPv6 per-interface forwarding not supported yet */
+    if (addr_family != AF_INET)
+        return;
+
+    if (nm_streq(priv->ipv4_method, NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_METHOD_SHARED)) {
+        new_forwarding = NM_TERNARY_TRUE;
+    } else if (ipv4_forwarding == NM_SETTING_IP_CONFIG_FORWARDING_YES) {
+        new_forwarding = NM_TERNARY_TRUE;
+    } else if (ipv4_forwarding == NM_SETTING_IP_CONFIG_FORWARDING_NO) {
+        new_forwarding = NM_TERNARY_FALSE;
+    } else if (ipv4_forwarding == NM_SETTING_IP_CONFIG_FORWARDING_AUTO) {
+        if (nm_manager_get_sharing_ipv4(NM_MANAGER_GET))
+            new_forwarding = NM_TERNARY_TRUE;
+        else
+            new_forwarding = NM_TERNARY_DEFAULT;
+
+        if (!priv->sharing_ipv4_changed_id)
+            priv->sharing_ipv4_changed_id = g_signal_connect(NM_MANAGER_GET,
+                                                             NM_MANAGER_SHARING_IPV4_CHANGED,
+                                                             G_CALLBACK(_dev_ipforwarding4_auto_cb),
+                                                             self);
+    } else {
+        nm_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+    _dev_ipforwarding4_set(self, new_forwarding);
+}
+
+static void
+_dev_ipforwarding_cleanup(NMDevice *self, int addr_family, CleanupType cleanup_type)
+{
+    NMDevicePrivate *priv = NM_DEVICE_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    if (!NM_IS_IPv4(addr_family))
+        return;
+
+    nm_clear_g_signal_handler(NM_MANAGER_GET, &priv->sharing_ipv4_changed_id);
+
+    if (NM_IN_SET(cleanup_type, CLEANUP_TYPE_DECONFIGURE, CLEANUP_TYPE_KEEP_REAPPLY)) {
+        /* Deconfigure by restoring kernel's default */
+        _dev_ipforwarding4_set(self, NM_TERNARY_DEFAULT);
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
 static void
 act_request_set(NMDevice *self, NMActRequest *act_request)
 {
@ -13880,6 +14134,8 @@ _cleanup_ip_pre(NMDevice *self, int addr_family, CleanupType cleanup_type, gbool
    NMDevicePrivate *priv         = NM_DEVICE_GET_PRIVATE(self);
    gboolean         keep_reapply = (cleanup_type == CLEANUP_TYPE_KEEP_REAPPLY);

+    _dev_ipforwarding_cleanup(self, addr_family, cleanup_type);
+
    _dev_ipsharedx_cleanup(self, addr_family);

    _dev_ipdev_cleanup(self, AF_UNSPEC);
@ -14062,7 +14318,8 @@ can_reapply_change(NMDevice   *self,
        return nm_device_hash_check_invalid_keys(diffs,
                                                 NM_SETTING_SRIOV_SETTING_NAME,
                                                 error,
-                                                 NM_SETTING_SRIOV_PRESERVE_ON_DOWN);
+                                                 NM_SETTING_SRIOV_PRESERVE_ON_DOWN,
+                                                 NM_SETTING_SRIOV_VFS);
    }

 out_fail:
@ -14240,9 +14497,35 @@ check_and_reapply_connection(NMDevice            *self,

    nm_device_link_properties_set(self, TRUE);

-    if (priv->state >= NM_DEVICE_STATE_CONFIG)
+    if (priv->state >= NM_DEVICE_STATE_CONFIG) {
+        GHashTable *sriov_diff;
+
        lldp_setup(self, NM_TERNARY_DEFAULT);

+        sriov_diff = nm_g_hash_table_lookup(diffs, NM_SETTING_SRIOV_SETTING_NAME);
+
+        if (sriov_diff && nm_g_hash_table_lookup(sriov_diff, NM_SETTING_SRIOV_VFS)) {
+            nm_auto_freev NMPlatformVF **plat_vfs = NULL;
+            NMSettingSriov              *s_sriov;
+
+            s_sriov = (NMSettingSriov *) nm_connection_get_setting(applied, NM_TYPE_SETTING_SRIOV);
+
+            if (s_sriov) {
+                gs_free_error GError *local = NULL;
+
+                if (!sriov_gen_platform_vfs(self, s_sriov, &plat_vfs, &local)
+                    || !nm_platform_link_set_sriov_vfs(nm_device_get_platform(self),
+                                                       priv->ifindex,
+                                                       (const NMPlatformVF *const *) plat_vfs)) {
+                    _LOGE(LOGD_DEVICE,
+                          "failed to reapply SRIOV VFs%s%s",
+                          local ? ": " : "",
+                          local ? local->message : "");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
    if (priv->state >= NM_DEVICE_STATE_IP_CONFIG) {
        /* Allow reapply of MTU */
        priv->mtu_source = NM_DEVICE_MTU_SOURCE_NONE;
@ -14696,13 +14979,15 @@ impl_device_delete(NMDBusObject                      *obj,
                           NULL);
 }

-static void
+static gboolean
 _device_activate(NMDevice *self, NMActRequest *req)
 {
    NMConnection *connection;

-    g_return_if_fail(NM_IS_DEVICE(self));
-    g_return_if_fail(NM_IS_ACT_REQUEST(req));
+    /* Returns TRUE on success, FALSE if the activation request could not be started */
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_DEVICE(self), FALSE);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_ACT_REQUEST(req), FALSE);
    nm_assert(nm_device_is_real(self));

    /* Ensure the activation request is still valid; the controller may have
@ -14710,7 +14995,7 @@ _device_activate(NMDevice *self, NMActRequest *req)
     */
    if (nm_active_connection_get_state(NM_ACTIVE_CONNECTION(req))
        >= NM_ACTIVE_CONNECTION_STATE_DEACTIVATING)
-        return;
+        return FALSE;

    if (!nm_device_get_managed(self, FALSE)) {
        /* It's unclear why the device would be unmanaged at this point.
@ -14721,7 +15006,7 @@ _device_activate(NMDevice *self, NMActRequest *req)
        nm_active_connection_set_state_fail((NMActiveConnection *) req,
                                            NM_ACTIVE_CONNECTION_STATE_REASON_UNKNOWN,
                                            NULL);
-        return;
+        return FALSE;
    }

    connection = nm_act_request_get_applied_connection(req);
@ -14737,6 +15022,8 @@ _device_activate(NMDevice *self, NMActRequest *req)
    act_request_set(self, req);

    nm_device_activate_schedule_stage1_device_prepare(self, FALSE);
+
+    return TRUE;
 }

 static void
@ -14756,7 +15043,9 @@ _carrier_wait_check_queued_act_request(NMDevice *self)

        _LOGD(LOGD_DEVICE, "Activate queued activation request as we now have carrier");
        queued_req = g_steal_pointer(&priv->queued_act_request);
-        _device_activate(self, queued_req);
+        if (!_device_activate(self, queued_req)) {
+            delete_on_deactivate_check_and_schedule(self);
+        }
    }
 }

@ -15603,7 +15892,7 @@ nm_device_get_firmware_missing(NMDevice *self)

 NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE(nm_unmanaged_flags2str,
                          NMUnmanagedFlags,
-                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING, "sleeping"),
+                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED, "nm-disabled"),
                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_UNMANAGED_QUITTING, "quitting"),
                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_UNMANAGED_PLATFORM_INIT, "platform-init"),
                          NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR(NM_UNMANAGED_USER_EXPLICIT, "user-explicit"),
@ -15667,8 +15956,8 @@ unmanaged_flags_to_reason(NMUnmanagedFlags flags)
    /* Even if there are multiple flags, we can only return one reason.
     * Return the most important reason.
     */
-    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(flags, NM_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING))
-        return NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING;
+    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(flags, NM_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED))
+        return NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED;
    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(flags, NM_UNMANAGED_QUITTING))
        return NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_QUITTING;
    if (NM_FLAGS_HAS(flags, NM_UNMANAGED_USER_SETTINGS))
@ -16913,8 +17202,6 @@ _cleanup_generic_post(NMDevice *self, NMDeviceStateReason reason, CleanupType cl
    priv->v4_route_table_all_sync_before = FALSE;
    priv->v6_route_table_all_sync_before = FALSE;

-    priv->refresh_forwarding_done = FALSE;
-
    priv->mtu_force_set_done = FALSE;

    priv->needs_ip6_subnet = FALSE;
@ -16960,7 +17247,6 @@ nm_device_cleanup(NMDevice *self, NMDeviceStateReason reason, CleanupType cleanu
    NMDevicePrivate *priv;
    NMDeviceClass   *klass = NM_DEVICE_GET_CLASS(self);
    int              ifindex;
-    gint32           default_forwarding_v4;

    g_return_if_fail(NM_IS_DEVICE(self));

@ -16983,21 +17269,16 @@ nm_device_cleanup(NMDevice *self, NMDeviceStateReason reason, CleanupType cleanu
        nm_device_sysctl_ip_conf_set(self, AF_INET6, "use_tempaddr", "0");
    }

-    /* Restoring the device's forwarding to the sysctl default is necessary because
-     * `refresh_forwarding()` only updates forwarding on activated devices. */
-    default_forwarding_v4 = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32(
-        nm_device_get_platform(self),
-        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/default/forwarding"),
-        0);
-    nm_device_sysctl_ip_conf_set(self,
-                                 AF_INET,
-                                 "forwarding",
-                                 default_forwarding_v4 == 1 ? "1" : "0");
-
    /* Call device type-specific deactivation */
    if (klass->deactivate)
        klass->deactivate(self);

+    /* Clean up private files */
+    nm_clear_g_cancellable(&priv->private_files.cancellable);
+    g_clear_pointer(&priv->private_files.table, g_hash_table_unref);
+    g_clear_pointer(&priv->private_files.user, g_free);
+    priv->private_files.state = PRIVATE_FILES_STATE_UNKNOWN;
+
    ifindex = nm_device_get_ip_ifindex(self);

    if (cleanup_type == CLEANUP_TYPE_DECONFIGURE) {
@ -17534,7 +17815,8 @@ _set_state_full(NMDevice *self, NMDeviceState state, NMDeviceStateReason reason,
            gs_unref_object NMActRequest *queued_req = NULL;

            queued_req = g_steal_pointer(&priv->queued_act_request);
-            _device_activate(self, queued_req);
+            if (!_device_activate(self, queued_req))
+                delete_on_deactivate_check_and_schedule(self);
        }
        break;
    case NM_DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVATED:
@ -18936,19 +19218,6 @@ nm_device_get_hostname_from_dns_lookup(NMDevice *self, int addr_family, gboolean
    return nm_assert_unreachable_val(NULL);
 }

-gboolean
-nm_device_get_refresh_forwarding_done(NMDevice *self)
-{
-    return NM_DEVICE_GET_PRIVATE(self)->refresh_forwarding_done;
-}
-
-void
-nm_device_set_refresh_forwarding_done(NMDevice *self, gboolean is_refresh_forwarding_done)
-{
-    NMDevicePrivate *priv         = NM_DEVICE_GET_PRIVATE(self);
-    priv->refresh_forwarding_done = is_refresh_forwarding_done;
-}
-
 /*****************************************************************************/

 static const char *
--- a/src/core/devices/nm-device.h
+++ b/src/core/devices/nm-device.h
@ -581,7 +581,8 @@ void nm_device_copy_ip6_dns_config(NMDevice *self, NMDevice *from_device);
 /**
 * NMUnmanagedFlags:
 * @NM_UNMANAGED_NONE: placeholder value
- * @NM_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING: %TRUE when unmanaged because NM is sleeping.
+ * @NM_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED: %TRUE when unmanaged because NM is disabled.
+ *   Currently, this happens when sleeping or with networking disabled.
 * @NM_UNMANAGED_QUITTING: %TRUE when unmanaged because NM is shutting down.
 * @NM_UNMANAGED_PLATFORM_INIT: %TRUE when unmanaged because platform link not
 *   yet initialized. Unrealized device are also unmanaged for this reason.
@ -610,7 +611,7 @@ typedef enum {

    /* these flags are authoritative. If one of them is set,
     * the device cannot be managed. */
-    NM_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING      = (1LL << 0),
+    NM_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED = (1LL << 0),
    NM_UNMANAGED_QUITTING         = (1LL << 1),
    NM_UNMANAGED_PLATFORM_INIT    = (1LL << 2),
    NM_UNMANAGED_USER_EXPLICIT    = (1LL << 3),
@ -852,14 +853,4 @@ void nm_routing_rules_sync(NMConnection *applied_connection,
                           NMDevice *self,
                           NMNetns  *netns);

-NMSettingIPConfigForwarding nm_device_get_ipv4_forwarding(NMDevice *self);
-
-const char *nm_device_get_effective_ip_config_method(NMDevice *self, int addr_family);
-
-char *nm_device_sysctl_ip_conf_get(NMDevice *self, int addr_family, const char *property);
-
-gboolean nm_device_get_refresh_forwarding_done(NMDevice *self);
-
-void nm_device_set_refresh_forwarding_done(NMDevice *self, gboolean is_refresh_forwarding_done);
-
 #endif /* __NETWORKMANAGER_DEVICE_H__ */
--- a/src/core/devices/ovs/nm-ovsdb.c
+++ b/src/core/devices/ovs/nm-ovsdb.c
@ -1460,40 +1460,42 @@ _delete_interface(NMOvsdb *self, json_t *params, const char *ifname)
                json_array_append_new(new_interfaces, json_pack("[s,s]", "uuid", interface_uuid));
            }

-            if (num_nm_interfaces == 0) {
-                /* The port no longer has any NM interface. Don't add it to "new_ports" and set
-                 * ports_changed=TRUE, so that it will be deleted. */
+            if (interfaces_changed && num_nm_interfaces == 0) {
+                /* We are deleting the last nm-interface of this port. Don't add it to "new_ports"
+                 * and set ports_changed=TRUE, so that it will be deleted. */
                ports_changed = TRUE;
            } else {
-                if (interfaces_changed) {
-                    /* An interface needs to be deleted from this port */
-                    _expect_port_interfaces(params, ovs_port->name, interfaces);
-                    _set_port_interfaces(params, ovs_port->name, new_interfaces);
-                }
-                /* The port is still alive */
+                /* Keep this port: it's still alive, or it's unrelated to the deleted interface */
                json_array_append_new(new_ports, json_pack("[s,s]", "uuid", port_uuid));
                if (ovs_port->connection_uuid)
                    num_nm_ports++;
+
+                if (interfaces_changed) {
+                    /* This port is still alive, but an interface needs to be deleted from it */
+                    _expect_port_interfaces(params, ovs_port->name, interfaces);
+                    _set_port_interfaces(params, ovs_port->name, new_interfaces);
+                }
            }
        }

-        if (num_nm_ports == 0) {
-            /* The bridge no longer has any NM port. Don't add it to "new_bridges" and set
-             * bridges_changed=TRUE, so that it will be deleted. */
+        if (ports_changed && num_nm_ports == 0) {
+            /* We are deleting the last nm-port of this bridge. Don't add it to "new_bridges"
+             * and set bridges_changed=TRUE, so that it will be deleted. */
            bridges_changed = TRUE;
        } else {
+            /* Keep this bridge: it's still alive, or it's unrelated to the deleted interface */
+            json_array_append_new(new_bridges, json_pack("[s,s]", "uuid", ovs_bridge->bridge_uuid));
+
            if (ports_changed) {
-                /* A port needs to be deleted from this bridge */
+                /* This bridge is still alive, but a port needs to be deleted from it */
                _expect_bridge_ports(params, ovs_bridge->name, ports);
                _set_bridge_ports(params, ovs_bridge->name, new_ports);
            }
-            /* The bridge is still alive */
-            json_array_append_new(new_bridges, json_pack("[s,s]", "uuid", ovs_bridge->bridge_uuid));
        }
    }

    if (bridges_changed) {
-        /* A port needs to be deleted from this bridge */
+        /* A bridge needs to be deleted */
        _expect_ovs_bridges(params, priv->db_uuid, bridges);
        _set_ovs_bridges(params, priv->db_uuid, new_bridges);
    }
--- a/src/core/devices/wifi/nm-device-wifi.c
+++ b/src/core/devices/wifi/nm-device-wifi.c
@ -196,7 +196,8 @@ static void periodic_update(NMDeviceWifi *self);
 static void ap_add_remove(NMDeviceWifi *self,
                          gboolean      is_adding,
                          NMWifiAP     *ap,
-                          gboolean      recheck_available_connections);
+                          gboolean      recheck_available_connections,
+                          gboolean      recheck_auto_activate);

 static void _hw_addr_set_scanning(NMDeviceWifi *self, gboolean do_reset);

@ -714,7 +715,10 @@ update_seen_bssids_cache(NMDeviceWifi *self, NMWifiAP *ap)
 }

 static void
-set_current_ap(NMDeviceWifi *self, NMWifiAP *new_ap, gboolean recheck_available_connections)
+set_current_ap(NMDeviceWifi *self,
+               NMWifiAP     *new_ap,
+               gboolean      recheck_available_connections,
+               gboolean      recheck_auto_activate)
 {
    NMDeviceWifiPrivate *priv;
    NMWifiAP            *old_ap;
@ -741,7 +745,11 @@ set_current_ap(NMDeviceWifi *self, NMWifiAP *new_ap, gboolean recheck_available_
        /* Remove any AP from the internal list if it was created by NM or isn't known to the supplicant */
        if (NM_IN_SET(mode, _NM_802_11_MODE_ADHOC, _NM_802_11_MODE_AP)
            || nm_wifi_ap_get_fake(old_ap))
-            ap_add_remove(self, FALSE, old_ap, recheck_available_connections);
+            ap_add_remove(self,
+                          FALSE,
+                          old_ap,
+                          recheck_available_connections,
+                          recheck_auto_activate);
        g_object_unref(old_ap);
    }

@ -814,7 +822,8 @@ static void
 ap_add_remove(NMDeviceWifi *self,
              gboolean      is_adding, /* or else removing */
              NMWifiAP     *ap,
-              gboolean      recheck_available_connections)
+              gboolean      recheck_available_connections,
+              gboolean      recheck_auto_activate)
 {
    NMDeviceWifiPrivate *priv = NM_DEVICE_WIFI_GET_PRIVATE(self);

@ -845,13 +854,14 @@ ap_add_remove(NMDeviceWifi *self,
        nm_dbus_object_clear_and_unexport(&ap);
    }

+    if (recheck_auto_activate)
        nm_device_recheck_auto_activate_schedule(NM_DEVICE(self));
    if (recheck_available_connections)
        nm_device_recheck_available_connections(NM_DEVICE(self));
 }

 static void
-remove_all_aps(NMDeviceWifi *self)
+remove_all_aps(NMDeviceWifi *self, gboolean disposing)
 {
    NMDeviceWifiPrivate *priv = NM_DEVICE_WIFI_GET_PRIVATE(self);
    NMWifiAP            *ap;
@ -859,11 +869,12 @@ remove_all_aps(NMDeviceWifi *self)
    if (c_list_is_empty(&priv->aps_lst_head))
        return;

-    set_current_ap(self, NULL, FALSE);
+    set_current_ap(self, NULL, FALSE, !disposing);

    while ((ap = c_list_first_entry(&priv->aps_lst_head, NMWifiAP, aps_lst)))
-        ap_add_remove(self, FALSE, ap, FALSE);
+        ap_add_remove(self, FALSE, ap, FALSE, !disposing);

+    if (!disposing)
        nm_device_recheck_available_connections(NM_DEVICE(self));
 }

@ -951,7 +962,7 @@ deactivate(NMDevice *device)

    priv->rate = 0;

-    set_current_ap(self, NULL, TRUE);
+    set_current_ap(self, NULL, TRUE, TRUE);

    if (!wake_on_wlan_restore(self))
        _LOGW(LOGD_DEVICE | LOGD_WIFI, "Cannot unconfigure WoWLAN.");
@ -2000,7 +2011,7 @@ supplicant_iface_bss_changed_cb(NMSupplicantInterface *iface,
            if (nm_wifi_ap_set_fake(found_ap, TRUE))
                _ap_dump(self, LOGL_DEBUG, found_ap, "updated", 0);
        } else {
-            ap_add_remove(self, FALSE, found_ap, TRUE);
+            ap_add_remove(self, FALSE, found_ap, TRUE, TRUE);
            schedule_ap_list_dump(self);
        }
        return;
@ -2043,7 +2054,7 @@ supplicant_iface_bss_changed_cb(NMSupplicantInterface *iface,
            }
        }

-        ap_add_remove(self, TRUE, ap, TRUE);
+        ap_add_remove(self, TRUE, ap, TRUE, TRUE);
    }

    /* Update the current AP if the supplicant notified a current BSS change
@ -2268,7 +2279,7 @@ link_timeout_cb(gpointer user_data)
    if (nm_device_get_state(device) != NM_DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVATED)
        return FALSE;

-    set_current_ap(self, NULL, TRUE);
+    set_current_ap(self, NULL, TRUE, TRUE);

    nm_device_state_changed(device,
                            NM_DEVICE_STATE_FAILED,
@ -2684,7 +2695,7 @@ supplicant_iface_notify_current_bss(NMSupplicantInterface *iface,
            }
        }

-        set_current_ap(self, new_ap, TRUE);
+        set_current_ap(self, new_ap, TRUE, TRUE);

        req = nm_device_get_act_request(NM_DEVICE(self));
        if (req) {
@ -2935,7 +2946,8 @@ build_supplicant_config(NMDeviceWifi         *self,
    s_wireless = nm_connection_get_setting_wireless(connection);
    g_return_val_if_fail(s_wireless != NULL, NULL);

-    config = nm_supplicant_config_new(nm_supplicant_interface_get_capabilities(priv->sup_iface));
+    config = nm_supplicant_config_new(nm_supplicant_interface_get_capabilities(priv->sup_iface),
+                                      nm_utils_get_connection_first_permissions_user(connection));

    /* Warn if AP mode may not be supported */
    if (nm_streq0(nm_setting_wireless_get_mode(s_wireless), NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_MODE_AP)
@ -3011,6 +3023,7 @@ build_supplicant_config(NMDeviceWifi         *self,
                mtu,
                pmf,
                fils,
+                nm_device_get_private_files(NM_DEVICE(self)),
                error)) {
            g_prefix_error(error, "802-11-wireless-security: ");
            goto error;
@ -3118,7 +3131,7 @@ act_stage1_prepare(NMDevice *device, NMDeviceStateReason *out_failure_reason)
        priv->mode = _NM_802_11_MODE_AP;

        /* Scanning not done in AP mode; clear the scan list */
-        remove_all_aps(self);
+        remove_all_aps(self, FALSE);
    } else if (g_strcmp0(mode, NM_SETTING_WIRELESS_MODE_MESH) == 0)
        priv->mode = _NM_802_11_MODE_MESH;
    _notify(self, PROP_MODE);
@ -3155,14 +3168,14 @@ act_stage1_prepare(NMDevice *device, NMDeviceStateReason *out_failure_reason)
            nm_wifi_ap_set_address(ap_fake, nm_device_get_hw_address(device));

        g_object_freeze_notify(G_OBJECT(self));
-        ap_add_remove(self, TRUE, ap_fake, TRUE);
+        ap_add_remove(self, TRUE, ap_fake, TRUE, TRUE);
        g_object_thaw_notify(G_OBJECT(self));
        ap = ap_fake;
    }

    _scan_notify_allowed(self, NM_TERNARY_DEFAULT);

-    set_current_ap(self, ap, FALSE);
+    set_current_ap(self, ap, FALSE, TRUE);
    nm_active_connection_set_specific_object(NM_ACTIVE_CONNECTION(req),
                                             nm_dbus_object_get_path(NM_DBUS_OBJECT(ap)));
    return NM_ACT_STAGE_RETURN_SUCCESS;
@ -3528,7 +3541,7 @@ device_state_changed(NMDevice           *device,

        cleanup_association_attempt(self, TRUE);
        cleanup_supplicant_failures(self);
-        remove_all_aps(self);
+        remove_all_aps(self, FALSE);
    }

    switch (new_state) {
@ -3566,7 +3579,7 @@ device_state_changed(NMDevice           *device,
    }

    if (clear_aps)
-        remove_all_aps(self);
+        remove_all_aps(self, FALSE);

    _scan_notify_allowed(self, NM_TERNARY_DEFAULT);
 }
@ -3808,7 +3821,7 @@ dispose(GObject *object)

    g_clear_object(&priv->sup_mgr);

-    remove_all_aps(self);
+    remove_all_aps(self, TRUE);

    if (priv->p2p_device) {
        /* Destroy the P2P device. */
--- a/src/core/dns/nm-dns-manager.c
+++ b/src/core/dns/nm-dns-manager.c
@ -586,7 +586,11 @@ add_dns_domains(GPtrArray            *array,
 }

 static void
-merge_one_l3cd(NMResolvConfData *rc, int addr_family, int ifindex, const NML3ConfigData *l3cd)
+merge_one_l3cd(NMResolvConfData     *rc,
+               int                   addr_family,
+               int                   ifindex,
+               const NML3ConfigData *l3cd,
+               gboolean              ignore_searches_and_options)
 {
    char               buf[NM_INET_ADDRSTRLEN + 50];
    gboolean           has_trust_ad;
@ -624,6 +628,7 @@ merge_one_l3cd(NMResolvConfData *rc, int addr_family, int ifindex, const NML3Con
        add_string_item(rc->nameservers, buf, TRUE);
    }

+    if (!ignore_searches_and_options) {
        add_dns_domains(rc->searches, addr_family, l3cd, FALSE, TRUE);

        has_trust_ad = FALSE;
@ -648,6 +653,7 @@ merge_one_l3cd(NMResolvConfData *rc, int addr_family, int ifindex, const NML3Con
                rc->has_trust_ad = NM_TERNARY_TRUE;
        } else
            rc->has_trust_ad = NM_TERNARY_FALSE;
+    }

    if (addr_family == AF_INET) {
        const in_addr_t *nis_servers;
@ -1231,12 +1237,15 @@ compute_hash(NMDnsManager *self, const NMGlobalDnsConfig *global, guint8 buffer[
 {
    nm_auto_free_checksum GChecksum *sum = NULL;
    NMDnsConfigIPData               *ip_data;
+    gboolean                         has_global_dns_section = FALSE;

    sum = g_checksum_new(G_CHECKSUM_SHA1);
    nm_assert(HASH_LEN == g_checksum_type_get_length(G_CHECKSUM_SHA1));

-    if (global)
+    if (global) {
        nm_global_dns_config_update_checksum(global, sum);
+        has_global_dns_section = nm_global_dns_has_global_dns_section(global);
+    }

    if (!global || !nm_global_dns_config_lookup_domain(global, "*")) {
        const CList *head;
@ -1248,7 +1257,8 @@ compute_hash(NMDnsManager *self, const NMGlobalDnsConfig *global, guint8 buffer[
            nm_l3_config_data_hash_dns(ip_data->l3cd,
                                       sum,
                                       ip_data->addr_family,
-                                       ip_data->ip_config_type);
+                                       ip_data->ip_config_type,
+                                       has_global_dns_section);
        }
    }

@ -1264,6 +1274,9 @@ merge_global_dns_config(NMResolvConfData *rc, NMGlobalDnsConfig *global_conf)
    const char *const *servers;
    guint              i;

+    /* Global config must be processed before connections' config */
+    nm_assert(rc->nameservers->len == 0);
+
    if (!global_conf)
        return FALSE;

@ -1351,12 +1364,17 @@ _collect_resolv_conf_data(NMDnsManager      *self,
            .nis_servers  = g_ptr_array_new(),
            .has_trust_ad = NM_TERNARY_DEFAULT,
    };
+    gboolean has_global_dns_section = FALSE;

    priv = NM_DNS_MANAGER_GET_PRIVATE(self);

-    if (global_config)
+    if (global_config) {
        merge_global_dns_config(&rc, global_config);
+        has_global_dns_section = nm_global_dns_has_global_dns_section(global_config);
+    }

+    /* If global nameservers are defined, no DNS configs are used from connections at all,
+     * including searches and options. */
    if (!global_config || !nm_global_dns_config_lookup_domain(global_config, "*")) {
        nm_auto_str_buf NMStrBuf tmp_strbuf = NM_STR_BUF_INIT(0, FALSE);
        int                      first_prio = 0;
@ -1390,8 +1408,16 @@ _collect_resolv_conf_data(NMDnsManager      *self,
                  skip ? "<SKIP>" : "",
                  get_nameserver_list(ip_data->addr_family, ip_data->l3cd, &tmp_strbuf));

-            if (!skip)
-                merge_one_l3cd(&rc, ip_data->addr_family, ip_data->data->ifindex, ip_data->l3cd);
+            if (!skip) {
+                /* Merge the configs from connections. However, if there was a [global-dns]
+                 * it overwrites searches and options from the connections, thus we only
+                 * merge the nameservers. */
+                merge_one_l3cd(&rc,
+                               ip_data->addr_family,
+                               ip_data->data->ifindex,
+                               ip_data->l3cd,
+                               has_global_dns_section);
+            }
        }
    }

--- a/src/core/nm-config-data.c
+++ b/src/core/nm-config-data.c
@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ struct _NMGlobalDnsConfig {
    char           **options;
    GHashTable      *domains;
    const char     **domain_list;
-    gboolean         internal;
    char            *cert_authority;
    NMDnsResolveMode resolve_mode;
+    gboolean         internal;
 };

 /*****************************************************************************/
@ -941,6 +941,14 @@ next:

 /*****************************************************************************/

+gboolean
+nm_global_dns_has_global_dns_section(const NMGlobalDnsConfig *dns_config)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(dns_config, FALSE);
+
+    return dns_config->searches != NULL || dns_config->options != NULL;
+}
+
 const char *const *
 nm_global_dns_config_get_searches(const NMGlobalDnsConfig *dns_config)
 {
@ -1236,6 +1244,7 @@ load_global_dns(GKeyFile *keyfile, gboolean internal)
    gs_free char      *cert_authority = NULL;
    gs_free char      *resolve_mode   = NULL;
    NMDnsResolveMode   parsed_resolve_mode;
+    gboolean           has_global_dns_section;

    if (internal) {
        group         = NM_CONFIG_KEYFILE_GROUP_INTERN_GLOBAL_DNS;
@ -1386,6 +1395,22 @@ load_global_dns(GKeyFile *keyfile, gboolean internal)
        return NULL;
    }

+    /* Defining [global-dns-domain-*] implies defining [global-dns] too (maybe empty) */
+    if (default_found)
+        has_global_dns_section = TRUE;
+    else
+        has_global_dns_section = g_key_file_has_group(keyfile, group);
+
+    /* If there exist a [global-dns] section, always initialize "searches" and "options" so
+     * they appear in D-Bus. Clients can use this to know if it's defined, so they can know
+     * if DNS configs from connections are relevant or not. */
+    if (has_global_dns_section) {
+        if (!dns_config->searches)
+            dns_config->searches = nm_strv_empty_new();
+        if (!dns_config->options)
+            dns_config->options = nm_strv_empty_new();
+    }
+
    dns_config->internal = internal;
    global_dns_config_seal_domains(dns_config);
    return dns_config;
@ -1606,17 +1631,6 @@ nm_global_dns_config_from_dbus(const GValue *value, GError **error)
        g_variant_unref(val);
    }

-    /* An empty value is valid and clears the internal configuration */
-    if (!nm_global_dns_config_is_empty(dns_config)
-        && !nm_global_dns_config_lookup_domain(dns_config, "*")) {
-        g_set_error_literal(error,
-                            NM_MANAGER_ERROR,
-                            NM_MANAGER_ERROR_FAILED,
-                            "Global DNS configuration is missing the default domain");
-        nm_global_dns_config_free(dns_config);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
    global_dns_config_seal_domains(dns_config);
    return dns_config;
 }
--- a/src/core/nm-config-data.h
+++ b/src/core/nm-config-data.h
@ -274,6 +274,7 @@ gboolean nm_config_data_is_intern_atomic_group(const NMConfigData *self, const c

 GKeyFile *nm_config_data_clone_keyfile_intern(const NMConfigData *self);

+gboolean           nm_global_dns_has_global_dns_section(const NMGlobalDnsConfig *dns_config);
 const char *const *nm_global_dns_config_get_searches(const NMGlobalDnsConfig *dns_config);
 const char *const *nm_global_dns_config_get_options(const NMGlobalDnsConfig *dns_config);
 const char *nm_global_dns_config_get_certification_authority(const NMGlobalDnsConfig *dns_config);
--- a/src/core/nm-config.c
+++ b/src/core/nm-config.c
@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "libnm-core-intern/nm-core-internal.h"
 #include "libnm-core-intern/nm-keyfile-internal.h"
 #include "libnm-core-intern/nm-keyfile-utils.h"
+#include "libnm-glib-aux/nm-keyfile-aux.h"

 #define DEFAULT_CONFIG_MAIN_FILE     NMCONFDIR "/NetworkManager.conf"
 #define DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR           NMCONFDIR "/conf.d"
@ -1046,6 +1047,10 @@ read_config(GKeyFile   *keyfile,
            /* internal groups cannot be set by user configuration. */
            continue;
        }
+
+        if (!g_key_file_has_group(keyfile, group))
+            nm_key_file_add_group(keyfile, group);
+
        keys = g_key_file_get_keys(kf, group, &nkeys, NULL);
        if (!keys)
            continue;
@ -1639,6 +1644,12 @@ intern_config_read(const char        *filename,
                                 "");
        }

+        if (!g_key_file_has_group(keyfile_intern, group)) {
+            nm_key_file_add_group(keyfile_intern, group);
+            if (is_intern)
+                has_intern = TRUE;
+        }
+
        for (k = 0; keys[k]; k++) {
            gs_free char *value_set = NULL;
            const char   *key       = keys[k];
@ -1823,6 +1834,9 @@ intern_config_write(const char        *filename,
            }
        }

+        if (!g_key_file_has_group(keyfile, group))
+            nm_key_file_add_group(keyfile, group);
+
        for (k = 0; keys[k]; k++) {
            const char   *key       = keys[k];
            gs_free char *value_set = NULL;
--- a/src/core/nm-core-utils.c
+++ b/src/core/nm-core-utils.c
@ -5011,6 +5011,7 @@ typedef struct {
    int      child_stdin;
    int      child_stdout;
    int      child_stderr;
+    gboolean binary_output;
    GSource *input_source;
    GSource *output_source;
    GSource *error_source;
@ -5090,9 +5091,17 @@ helper_complete(HelperInfo *info, GError *error)
    }

    nm_clear_g_cancellable_disconnect(g_task_get_cancellable(info->task), &info->cancellable_id);
+
+    if (info->binary_output) {
+        g_task_return_pointer(
+            info->task,
+            g_bytes_new(nm_str_buf_get_str_unsafe(&info->in_buffer), info->in_buffer.len),
+            (GDestroyNotify) (g_bytes_unref));
+    } else {
        g_task_return_pointer(info->task,
                              nm_str_buf_finalize(&info->in_buffer, NULL) ?: g_new0(char, 1),
                              g_free);
+    }
    helper_info_free(info);
 }

@ -5235,6 +5244,7 @@ helper_cancelled(GObject *object, gpointer user_data)

 void
 nm_utils_spawn_helper(const char *const  *args,
+                      gboolean            binary_output,
                      GCancellable       *cancellable,
                      GAsyncReadyCallback callback,
                      gpointer            cb_data)
@ -5251,8 +5261,13 @@ nm_utils_spawn_helper(const char *const  *args,
    info  = g_new(HelperInfo, 1);
    *info = (HelperInfo) {
        .task          = nm_g_task_new(NULL, cancellable, nm_utils_spawn_helper, callback, cb_data),
+        .binary_output = binary_output,
    };

+    /* Store if the caller requested binary output so that we can check later
+     * that the right result function is called. */
+    g_task_set_task_data(info->task, GINT_TO_POINTER(binary_output), NULL);
+
    if (!g_spawn_async_with_pipes("/",
                                  (char **) NM_MAKE_STRV(LIBEXECDIR "/nm-daemon-helper"),
                                  (char **) NM_MAKE_STRV(),
@ -5363,11 +5378,25 @@ nm_utils_spawn_helper(const char *const  *args,
 }

 char *
-nm_utils_spawn_helper_finish(GAsyncResult *result, GError **error)
+nm_utils_spawn_helper_finish_string(GAsyncResult *result, GError **error)
 {
    GTask *task = G_TASK(result);

    nm_assert(nm_g_task_is_valid(result, NULL, nm_utils_spawn_helper));
+    /* Check binary_output */
+    nm_assert(GPOINTER_TO_INT(g_task_get_task_data(task)) == FALSE);
+
+    return g_task_propagate_pointer(task, error);
+}
+
+GBytes *
+nm_utils_spawn_helper_finish_binary(GAsyncResult *result, GError **error)
+{
+    GTask *task = G_TASK(result);
+
+    nm_assert(nm_g_task_is_valid(result, NULL, nm_utils_spawn_helper));
+    /* Check binary_output */
+    nm_assert(GPOINTER_TO_INT(g_task_get_task_data(task)) == TRUE);

    return g_task_propagate_pointer(task, error);
 }
@ -5474,3 +5503,185 @@ nm_utils_shorten_hostname(const char *hostname, char **shortened)
    *shortened = g_steal_pointer(&s);
    return TRUE;
 }
+
+const char *
+nm_utils_get_connection_first_permissions_user(NMConnection *connection)
+{
+    NMSettingConnection *s_con;
+
+    s_con = nm_connection_get_setting_connection(connection);
+    nm_assert(s_con);
+
+    return _nm_setting_connection_get_first_permissions_user(s_con);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const char **
+nm_utils_get_connection_private_files_paths(NMConnection *connection)
+{
+    GPtrArray          *files;
+    gs_free NMSetting **settings = NULL;
+    guint               num_settings;
+    guint               i;
+
+    files    = g_ptr_array_new();
+    settings = nm_connection_get_settings(connection, &num_settings);
+    for (i = 0; i < num_settings; i++) {
+        _nm_setting_get_private_files(settings[i], files);
+    }
+    g_ptr_array_add(files, NULL);
+
+    return (const char **) g_ptr_array_free(files, files->len == 1);
+}
+
+typedef struct _ReadInfo ReadInfo;
+
+typedef struct {
+    char     *path;
+    ReadInfo *read_info;
+} FileInfo;
+
+struct _ReadInfo {
+    GTask      *task;
+    GHashTable *table;
+    GPtrArray  *file_infos; /* of FileInfo */
+    GError     *first_error;
+    guint       num_pending;
+};
+
+static void
+read_file_helper_cb(GObject *source, GAsyncResult *result, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    FileInfo              *file_info = user_data;
+    ReadInfo              *read_info = file_info->read_info;
+    gs_unref_bytes GBytes *output    = NULL;
+    gs_free_error GError  *error     = NULL;
+
+    output = nm_utils_spawn_helper_finish_binary(result, &error);
+
+    nm_assert(read_info->num_pending > 0);
+    read_info->num_pending--;
+
+    if (nm_utils_error_is_cancelled(error)) {
+        /* nop */
+    } else if (error) {
+        nm_log_dbg(LOGD_CORE,
+                   "read-private-files: failed to read file '%s': %s",
+                   file_info->path,
+                   error->message);
+        if (!read_info->first_error) {
+            /* @error just says "helper process exited with status X".
+             * Return a more human-friendly one. */
+            read_info->first_error = g_error_new(NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                                                 NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                                                 "error reading file '%s'",
+                                                 file_info->path);
+        }
+    } else {
+        nm_log_dbg(LOGD_SUPPLICANT,
+                   "read-private-files: successfully read file '%s'",
+                   file_info->path);
+
+        /* Store the file contents in the hash table */
+        if (!read_info->table) {
+            read_info->table = g_hash_table_new_full(nm_str_hash,
+                                                     g_str_equal,
+                                                     g_free,
+                                                     (GDestroyNotify) g_bytes_unref);
+        }
+        g_hash_table_insert(read_info->table,
+                            g_steal_pointer(&file_info->path),
+                            g_steal_pointer(&output));
+    }
+
+    g_clear_pointer(&file_info->path, g_free);
+
+    /* If all operations are completed, return  */
+    if (read_info->num_pending == 0) {
+        if (read_info->first_error) {
+            g_task_return_error(read_info->task, g_steal_pointer(&read_info->first_error));
+        } else {
+            g_task_return_pointer(read_info->task,
+                                  g_steal_pointer(&read_info->table),
+                                  (GDestroyNotify) g_hash_table_unref);
+        }
+
+        if (read_info->table)
+            g_hash_table_unref(read_info->table);
+        if (read_info->file_infos)
+            g_ptr_array_unref(read_info->file_infos);
+
+        g_object_unref(read_info->task);
+        g_free(read_info);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_utils_read_private_files:
+ * @paths: array of file paths to be read
+ * @user: name of the user to impersonate when reading the files
+ * @cancellable: cancellable to cancel the operation
+ * @callback: callback to invoke on completion
+ * @cb_data: data for @callback
+ *
+ * Reads the given list of files @paths on behalf of user @user. Invokes
+ * @callback asynchronously on completion. The callback must use
+ * nm_utils_read_private_files_finish() to obtain the result.
+ */
+void
+nm_utils_read_private_files(const char *const  *paths,
+                            const char         *user,
+                            GCancellable       *cancellable,
+                            GAsyncReadyCallback callback,
+                            gpointer            cb_data)
+{
+    ReadInfo *read_info;
+    FileInfo *file_info;
+    guint     i;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(paths && paths[0]);
+    g_return_if_fail(cancellable);
+    g_return_if_fail(callback);
+    g_return_if_fail(cb_data);
+
+    read_info  = g_new(ReadInfo, 1);
+    *read_info = (ReadInfo) {
+        .task = nm_g_task_new(NULL, cancellable, nm_utils_read_private_files, callback, cb_data),
+        .file_infos = g_ptr_array_new_with_free_func(g_free),
+    };
+
+    for (i = 0; paths[i]; i++) {
+        file_info  = g_new(FileInfo, 1);
+        *file_info = (FileInfo) {
+            .path      = g_strdup(paths[i]),
+            .read_info = read_info,
+        };
+        g_ptr_array_add(read_info->file_infos, file_info);
+        read_info->num_pending++;
+
+        nm_utils_spawn_helper(NM_MAKE_STRV("read-file-as-user", user, paths[i]),
+                              TRUE,
+                              cancellable,
+                              read_file_helper_cb,
+                              file_info);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_utils_read_private_files_finish:
+ * @result: the GAsyncResult
+ * @error: on return, the error
+ *
+ * Returns the files read by nm_utils_read_private_files(). The return value
+ * is a hash table {char * -> GBytes *}. Free it with g_hash_table_unref().
+ */
+GHashTable *
+nm_utils_read_private_files_finish(GAsyncResult *result, GError **error)
+{
+    GTask *task = G_TASK(result);
+
+    nm_assert(nm_g_task_is_valid(result, NULL, nm_utils_read_private_files));
+
+    return g_task_propagate_pointer(task, error);
+}
--- a/src/core/nm-core-utils.h
+++ b/src/core/nm-core-utils.h
@ -478,11 +478,13 @@ guint8 nm_wifi_utils_level_to_quality(int val);
 /*****************************************************************************/

 void nm_utils_spawn_helper(const char *const  *args,
+                           gboolean            binary_output,
                           GCancellable       *cancellable,
                           GAsyncReadyCallback callback,
                           gpointer            cb_data);

-char *nm_utils_spawn_helper_finish(GAsyncResult *result, GError **error);
+char   *nm_utils_spawn_helper_finish_string(GAsyncResult *result, GError **error);
+GBytes *nm_utils_spawn_helper_finish_binary(GAsyncResult *result, GError **error);

 /*****************************************************************************/

@ -490,4 +492,19 @@ uid_t nm_utils_get_nm_uid(void);

 gid_t nm_utils_get_nm_gid(void);

+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const char *nm_utils_get_connection_first_permissions_user(NMConnection *connection);
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+const char **nm_utils_get_connection_private_files_paths(NMConnection *connection);
+
+void        nm_utils_read_private_files(const char *const  *paths,
+                                        const char         *user,
+                                        GCancellable       *cancellable,
+                                        GAsyncReadyCallback callback,
+                                        gpointer            cb_data);
+GHashTable *nm_utils_read_private_files_finish(GAsyncResult *result, GError **error);
+
 #endif /* __NM_CORE_UTILS_H__ */
--- a/src/core/nm-l3-config-data.c
+++ b/src/core/nm-l3-config-data.c
@ -3139,7 +3139,8 @@ void
 nm_l3_config_data_hash_dns(const NML3ConfigData *l3cd,
                           GChecksum            *sum,
                           int                   addr_family,
-                           NMDnsIPConfigType     dns_ip_config_type)
+                           NMDnsIPConfigType     dns_ip_config_type,
+                           gboolean              ignore_searches_and_options)
 {
    guint              i;
    int                val;
@ -3178,6 +3179,7 @@ nm_l3_config_data_hash_dns(const NML3ConfigData *l3cd,
        empty = FALSE;
    }

+    if (!ignore_searches_and_options) {
        searches = nm_l3_config_data_get_searches(l3cd, addr_family, &num_searches);
        for (i = 0; i < num_searches; i++) {
            g_checksum_update(sum, (const guint8 *) searches[i], strlen(searches[i]));
@ -3189,6 +3191,7 @@ nm_l3_config_data_hash_dns(const NML3ConfigData *l3cd,
            g_checksum_update(sum, (const guint8 *) options[i], strlen(options[i]));
            empty = FALSE;
        }
+    }

    val = nm_l3_config_data_get_mdns(l3cd);
    if (val != NM_SETTING_CONNECTION_MDNS_DEFAULT) {
--- a/src/core/nm-l3-config-data.h
+++ b/src/core/nm-l3-config-data.h
@ -615,6 +615,7 @@ nmtst_l3_config_data_get_best_gateway(const NML3ConfigData *self, int addr_famil
 void nm_l3_config_data_hash_dns(const NML3ConfigData *l3cd,
                                GChecksum            *sum,
                                int                   addr_family,
-                                NMDnsIPConfigType     dns_ip_config_type);
+                                NMDnsIPConfigType     dns_ip_config_type,
+                                gboolean              ignore_searches_and_options);

 #endif /* __NM_L3_CONFIG_DATA_H__ */
--- a/src/core/nm-manager.c
+++ b/src/core/nm-manager.c
@ -136,6 +136,7 @@ enum {
    ACTIVE_CONNECTION_REMOVED,
    CONFIGURE_QUIT,
    DEVICE_IFINDEX_CHANGED,
+    SHARING_IPV4_CHANGED,

    LAST_SIGNAL
 };
@ -238,6 +239,8 @@ typedef struct {

    guint8 device_state_prune_ratelimit_count;

+    guint shared_connections_ip4_count;
+
    bool startup : 1;
    bool devices_inited : 1;

@ -1960,7 +1963,7 @@ find_device_by_iface(NMManager    *self,
 }

 static gboolean
-manager_sleeping(NMManager *self)
+manager_is_disabled(NMManager *self)
 {
    NMManagerPrivate *priv = NM_MANAGER_GET_PRIVATE(self);

@ -1973,8 +1976,8 @@ static const char *
 _nm_state_to_string(NMState state)
 {
    switch (state) {
-    case NM_STATE_ASLEEP:
-        return "ASLEEP";
+    case NM_STATE_DISABLED:
+        return "DISABLED";
    case NM_STATE_DISCONNECTED:
        return "DISCONNECTED";
    case NM_STATE_DISCONNECTING:
@ -2078,15 +2081,18 @@ nm_manager_update_state(NMManager *self)
 {
    NMManagerPrivate *priv;
    NMState           new_state = NM_STATE_DISCONNECTED;
+    const char       *detail    = "";

    g_return_if_fail(NM_IS_MANAGER(self));

    priv = NM_MANAGER_GET_PRIVATE(self);

-    if (manager_sleeping(self))
-        new_state = NM_STATE_ASLEEP;
-    else
+    if (manager_is_disabled(self)) {
+        new_state = NM_STATE_DISABLED;
+        detail    = priv->sleeping ? " (ASLEEP)" : " (NETWORKING OFF)";
+    } else {
        new_state = find_best_device_state(self);
+    }

    if (new_state >= NM_STATE_CONNECTED_LOCAL && priv->connectivity_state == NM_CONNECTIVITY_FULL) {
        new_state = NM_STATE_CONNECTED_GLOBAL;
@ -2097,7 +2103,7 @@ nm_manager_update_state(NMManager *self)

    priv->state = new_state;

-    _LOGI(LOGD_CORE, "NetworkManager state is now %s", _nm_state_to_string(new_state));
+    _LOGI(LOGD_CORE, "NetworkManager state is now %s%s", _nm_state_to_string(new_state), detail);

    _notify(self, PROP_STATE);
    nm_dbus_object_emit_signal(NM_DBUS_OBJECT(self),
@ -2956,7 +2962,7 @@ _rfkill_update_devices(NMManager *self, NMRfkillType rtype, gboolean enabled)
    _notify(self, _rfkill_type_desc[rtype].prop_id);

    /* Don't touch devices if asleep/networking disabled */
-    if (manager_sleeping(self))
+    if (manager_is_disabled(self))
        return;

    /* enable/disable wireless devices as required */
@ -3120,7 +3126,7 @@ _rfkill_update_from_user(NMManager *self, NMRfkillType rtype, gboolean enabled)
    gboolean          old_enabled, new_enabled;

    /* Don't touch devices if asleep/networking disabled */
-    if (manager_sleeping(self))
+    if (manager_is_disabled(self))
        return;

    _LOGD(LOGD_RFKILL,
@ -4079,7 +4085,7 @@ add_device(NMManager *self, NMDevice *device, GError **error)

    nm_device_set_unmanaged_by_user_settings(device, TRUE);

-    nm_device_set_unmanaged_flags(device, NM_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING, manager_sleeping(self));
+    nm_device_set_unmanaged_flags(device, NM_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED, manager_is_disabled(self));

    dbus_path = nm_dbus_object_export(NM_DBUS_OBJECT(device));
    _LOG2I(LOGD_DEVICE, device, "new %s device (%s)", type_desc, dbus_path);
@ -5718,6 +5724,7 @@ _internal_activate_device(NMManager *self, NMActiveConnection *active, GError **
    GError                  *local = NULL;
    NMConnectionMultiConnect multi_connect;
    const char              *parent_spec;
+    gboolean                 did_realize = FALSE;

    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_MANAGER(self), FALSE);
    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_ACTIVE_CONNECTION(active), FALSE);
@ -5892,6 +5899,7 @@ _internal_activate_device(NMManager *self, NMActiveConnection *active, GError **
                               nm_device_get_iface(device));
                return FALSE;
            }
+            did_realize = TRUE;
        }
    }

@ -5923,7 +5931,7 @@ _internal_activate_device(NMManager *self, NMActiveConnection *active, GError **
                        "The controller connection '%s' is not compatible with '%s'",
                        nm_settings_connection_get_id(controller_connection),
                        nm_settings_connection_get_id(sett_conn));
-            return FALSE;
+            goto err_unrealize;
        }

        if (!controller_ac) {
@ -5946,7 +5954,7 @@ _internal_activate_device(NMManager *self, NMActiveConnection *active, GError **
                                   "Controller connection '%s' can't be activated: ",
                                   nm_settings_connection_get_id(controller_connection));
                }
-                return FALSE;
+                goto err_unrealize;
            }
        }

@ -6040,7 +6048,7 @@ _internal_activate_device(NMManager *self, NMActiveConnection *active, GError **
                                NM_MANAGER_ERROR,
                                NM_MANAGER_ERROR_DEPENDENCY_FAILED,
                                "Activation failed because the device is unmanaged");
-            return FALSE;
+            goto err_unrealize;
        }
    }

@ -6048,6 +6056,11 @@ _internal_activate_device(NMManager *self, NMActiveConnection *active, GError **
    active_connection_add(self, active);
    nm_device_queue_activation(device, NM_ACT_REQUEST(active));
    return TRUE;
+
+err_unrealize:
+    if (did_realize)
+        nm_device_unrealize(device, TRUE, NULL);
+    return FALSE;
 }

 static gboolean
@ -7292,7 +7305,7 @@ device_sleep_cb(NMDevice *device, GParamSpec *pspec, NMManager *self)
    case NM_DEVICE_STATE_DISCONNECTED:
        _LOGD(LOGD_SUSPEND, "sleep: unmanaging device %s", nm_device_get_ip_iface(device));
        nm_device_set_unmanaged_by_flags_queue(device,
-                                               NM_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING,
+                                               NM_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED,
                                               NM_UNMAN_FLAG_OP_SET_UNMANAGED,
                                               NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_SLEEPING);
        break;
@ -7314,24 +7327,26 @@ _handle_device_takedown(NMManager *self,
                        gboolean   suspending,
                        gboolean   is_shutdown)
 {
+    gboolean            is_sleep = suspending || is_shutdown;
+    NMDeviceStateReason reason =
+        is_sleep ? NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_SLEEPING : NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_NETWORKING_OFF;
+
    nm_device_notify_sleeping(device);

    if (nm_device_is_activating(device)
        || nm_device_get_state(device) == NM_DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVATED) {
-        _LOGD(LOGD_SUSPEND,
+        _LOGD(is_sleep ? LOGD_SUSPEND : LOGD_CORE,
              "%s: wait disconnection of device %s",
-              is_shutdown ? "shutdown" : "sleep",
+              is_sleep ? (is_shutdown ? "shutdown" : "sleep") : "networking off",
              nm_device_get_ip_iface(device));

        if (sleep_devices_add(self, device, suspending))
-            nm_device_queue_state(device,
-                                  NM_DEVICE_STATE_DEACTIVATING,
-                                  NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_SLEEPING);
+            nm_device_queue_state(device, NM_DEVICE_STATE_DEACTIVATING, reason);
    } else {
        nm_device_set_unmanaged_by_flags(device,
-                                         NM_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING,
+                                         NM_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED,
                                         NM_UNMAN_FLAG_OP_SET_UNMANAGED,
-                                         NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_SLEEPING);
+                                         reason);
    }
 }

@ -7345,8 +7360,10 @@ do_sleep_wake(NMManager *self, gboolean sleeping_changed)
    suspending          = sleeping_changed && priv->sleeping;
    waking_from_suspend = sleeping_changed && !priv->sleeping;

-    if (manager_sleeping(self)) {
-        _LOGD(LOGD_SUSPEND, "sleep: %s...", suspending ? "sleeping" : "disabling");
+    if (manager_is_disabled(self)) {
+        _LOGD(suspending ? LOGD_SUSPEND : LOGD_CORE,
+              "%s...",
+              suspending ? "sleep: sleeping" : "networking: disabling");

        /* FIXME: are there still hardware devices that need to be disabled around
         * suspend/resume?
@ -7372,7 +7389,9 @@ do_sleep_wake(NMManager *self, gboolean sleeping_changed)
            _handle_device_takedown(self, device, suspending, FALSE);
        }
    } else {
-        _LOGD(LOGD_SUSPEND, "sleep: %s...", waking_from_suspend ? "waking up" : "re-enabling");
+        _LOGD(waking_from_suspend ? LOGD_SUSPEND : LOGD_CORE,
+              "%s...",
+              waking_from_suspend ? "sleep: waking up" : "networking: re-enabling");

        sleep_devices_clear(self);

@ -7386,7 +7405,7 @@ do_sleep_wake(NMManager *self, gboolean sleeping_changed)
                 */
                if (device_is_wake_on_lan(priv->platform, device))
                    nm_device_set_unmanaged_by_flags(device,
-                                                     NM_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING,
+                                                     NM_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED,
                                                     NM_UNMAN_FLAG_OP_SET_UNMANAGED,
                                                     NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_SLEEPING);

@ -7414,10 +7433,12 @@ do_sleep_wake(NMManager *self, gboolean sleeping_changed)
            guint               i;

            if (nm_device_is_software(device)
-                && !nm_device_get_unmanaged_flags(device, NM_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING)) {
+                && !nm_device_get_unmanaged_flags(device, NM_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED)) {
                /* DHCP leases of software devices could have gone stale
                 * so we need to renew them. */
-                nm_device_update_dynamic_ip_setup(device, "wake up");
+                nm_device_update_dynamic_ip_setup(device,
+                                                  waking_from_suspend ? "wake up"
+                                                                      : "networking on");
                continue;
            }

@ -7448,7 +7469,7 @@ do_sleep_wake(NMManager *self, gboolean sleeping_changed)
                    ? NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_CONNECTION_ASSUMED
                    : NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_NOW_MANAGED;
            nm_device_set_unmanaged_by_flags(device,
-                                             NM_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING,
+                                             NM_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED,
                                             NM_UNMAN_FLAG_OP_SET_MANAGED,
                                             reason);
        }
@ -8811,6 +8832,41 @@ nm_manager_emit_device_ifindex_changed(NMManager *self, NMDevice *device)
    g_signal_emit(self, signals[DEVICE_IFINDEX_CHANGED], 0, device);
 }

+void
+nm_manager_update_shared_connection(NMManager *self, int addr_family, gboolean enabled)
+{
+    NMManagerPrivate *priv = NM_MANAGER_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+    gboolean          state_changed, state;
+
+    /* Only IPv4 supported for the moment */
+    if (addr_family != AF_INET)
+        return;
+
+    if (enabled) {
+        g_return_if_fail(priv->shared_connections_ip4_count < G_MAXUINT);
+        priv->shared_connections_ip4_count++;
+        state_changed = priv->shared_connections_ip4_count == 1;
+    } else {
+        g_return_if_fail(priv->shared_connections_ip4_count > 0);
+        priv->shared_connections_ip4_count--;
+        state_changed = priv->shared_connections_ip4_count == 0;
+    }
+
+    if (state_changed) {
+        state = priv->shared_connections_ip4_count > 0;
+        _LOGD(LOGD_SHARING, "sharing-ipv4 state change %d -> %d", !state, state);
+        g_signal_emit(self, signals[SHARING_IPV4_CHANGED], 0, state);
+    }
+}
+
+gboolean
+nm_manager_get_sharing_ipv4(NMManager *self)
+{
+    NMManagerPrivate *priv = NM_MANAGER_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    return priv->shared_connections_ip4_count > 0;
+}
+
 /*****************************************************************************/

 NM_DEFINE_SINGLETON_REGISTER(NMManager);
@ -9914,6 +9970,17 @@ nm_manager_class_init(NMManagerClass *manager_class)
                                                   G_TYPE_NONE,
                                                   1,
                                                   NM_TYPE_DEVICE);
+
+    signals[SHARING_IPV4_CHANGED] = g_signal_new(NM_MANAGER_SHARING_IPV4_CHANGED,
+                                                 G_OBJECT_CLASS_TYPE(object_class),
+                                                 G_SIGNAL_RUN_FIRST,
+                                                 0,
+                                                 NULL,
+                                                 NULL,
+                                                 NULL,
+                                                 G_TYPE_NONE,
+                                                 1,
+                                                 G_TYPE_BOOLEAN);
 }

 NMConfig *
--- a/src/core/nm-manager.h
+++ b/src/core/nm-manager.h
@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
 #define NM_MANAGER_CONFIGURE_QUIT            "configure-quit"
 #define NM_MANAGER_INTERNAL_DEVICE_ADDED     "internal-device-added"
 #define NM_MANAGER_INTERNAL_DEVICE_REMOVED   "internal-device-removed"
+#define NM_MANAGER_SHARING_IPV4_CHANGED      "sharing-ipv4-changed"

 GType nm_manager_get_type(void);

@ -212,6 +213,9 @@ struct _NMDnsManager;

 struct _NMDnsManager *nm_manager_get_dns_manager(NMManager *self);

+void     nm_manager_update_shared_connection(NMManager *self, int addr_family, gboolean enabled);
+gboolean nm_manager_get_sharing_ipv4(NMManager *self);
+
 /*****************************************************************************/

 void nm_manager_notify_delete_settings_connections(NMManager            *self,
--- a/src/core/nm-policy.c
+++ b/src/core/nm-policy.c
@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #include "NetworkManagerUtils.h"
 #include "devices/nm-device.h"
 #include "devices/nm-device-factory.h"
-#include "devices/nm-device-private.h"
 #include "dns/nm-dns-manager.h"
 #include "nm-act-request.h"
 #include "nm-auth-utils.h"
@ -98,6 +97,7 @@ typedef struct {
    bool updating_dns : 1;

    GArray *ip6_prefix_delegations; /* pool of ip6 prefixes delegated to all devices */
+
 } NMPolicyPrivate;

 struct _NMPolicy {
@ -1845,7 +1845,7 @@ nm_policy_device_recheck_auto_activate_schedule(NMPolicy *self, NMDevice *device

    priv = NM_POLICY_GET_PRIVATE(self);

-    if (nm_manager_get_state(priv->manager) == NM_STATE_ASLEEP)
+    if (nm_manager_get_state(priv->manager) == NM_STATE_DISABLED)
        return;

    if (!nm_device_autoconnect_allowed(device))
@ -2083,65 +2083,6 @@ unblock_autoconnect_for_ports_for_sett_conn(NMPolicy *self, NMSettingsConnection
    unblock_autoconnect_for_ports(self, controller_device, controller_uuid_settings, NULL);
 }

-static void
-refresh_forwarding(NMPolicy *self, NMDevice *device, gboolean is_activated_shared_device)
-{
-    NMActiveConnection *ac;
-    NMDevice           *tmp_device;
-    NMPolicyPrivate    *priv = NM_POLICY_GET_PRIVATE(self);
-    const CList        *tmp_lst;
-    gboolean            any_shared_active = false;
-    gint32              default_forwarding_v4;
-    const char         *new_value = NULL;
-
-    /* FIXME: This implementation is still inefficient because refresh_forwarding()
-     * is called every time a device goes up or down, requiring a full scan of all
-     * active connections to determine if any shared connection is active. */
-    nm_manager_for_each_active_connection (priv->manager, ac, tmp_lst) {
-        NMSettingIPConfig *s_ip;
-        NMDevice          *to_device = nm_active_connection_get_device(ac);
-
-        if (to_device) {
-            s_ip = nm_device_get_applied_setting(to_device, NM_TYPE_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG);
-            if (s_ip) {
-                if (nm_streq0(nm_device_get_effective_ip_config_method(to_device, AF_INET),
-                              NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_METHOD_SHARED)) {
-                    any_shared_active = true;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    default_forwarding_v4 = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32(
-        NM_PLATFORM_GET,
-        NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/default/forwarding"),
-        0);
-
-    new_value = any_shared_active ? "1" : (default_forwarding_v4 ? "1" : "0");
-
-    nm_manager_for_each_device (priv->manager, tmp_device, tmp_lst) {
-        NMDeviceState               state;
-        NMSettingIPConfigForwarding ipv4_forwarding;
-
-        state = nm_device_get_state(tmp_device);
-        if (state != NM_DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVATED)
-            continue;
-
-        ipv4_forwarding = nm_device_get_ipv4_forwarding(tmp_device);
-
-        if (ipv4_forwarding == NM_SETTING_IP_CONFIG_FORWARDING_AUTO
-            || (device == tmp_device && is_activated_shared_device)) {
-            gs_free char *sysctl_value = NULL;
-
-            sysctl_value = nm_device_sysctl_ip_conf_get(tmp_device, AF_INET, "forwarding");
-
-            if (!nm_streq0(sysctl_value, new_value))
-                nm_device_sysctl_ip_conf_set(tmp_device, AF_INET, "forwarding", new_value);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 static void
 activate_port_or_children_connections(NMPolicy *self,
                                      NMDevice *device,
@ -2288,7 +2229,6 @@ device_state_changed(NMDevice           *device,
    NMActiveConnection   *ac;
    NMSettingsConnection *sett_conn = nm_device_get_settings_connection(device);
    NMSettingConnection  *s_con     = NULL;
-    gboolean              is_activated_shared_device = FALSE;

    switch (nm_device_state_reason_check(reason)) {
    case NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_GSM_SIM_PIN_REQUIRED:
@ -2404,10 +2344,6 @@ device_state_changed(NMDevice           *device,
                }
            }
        }
-        if (!nm_device_get_refresh_forwarding_done(device)) {
-            refresh_forwarding(self, device, FALSE);
-            nm_device_set_refresh_forwarding_done(device, TRUE);
-        }
        break;
    case NM_DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVATED:
        if (nm_device_get_device_type(device) == NM_DEVICE_TYPE_OVS_INTERFACE) {
@ -2440,20 +2376,11 @@ device_state_changed(NMDevice           *device,
        update_system_hostname(self, "routing and dns", TRUE);
        nm_dns_manager_end_updates(priv->dns_manager, __func__);

-        is_activated_shared_device =
-            nm_streq0(nm_device_get_effective_ip_config_method(device, AF_INET),
-                      NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_METHOD_SHARED);
-        refresh_forwarding(self, device, is_activated_shared_device);
-        nm_device_set_refresh_forwarding_done(device, FALSE);
        break;
    case NM_DEVICE_STATE_UNMANAGED:
    case NM_DEVICE_STATE_UNAVAILABLE:
        if (old_state > NM_DEVICE_STATE_DISCONNECTED)
            update_routing_and_dns(self, FALSE, device);
-        if (!nm_device_get_refresh_forwarding_done(device)) {
-            refresh_forwarding(self, device, FALSE);
-            nm_device_set_refresh_forwarding_done(device, TRUE);
-        }
        break;
    case NM_DEVICE_STATE_DEACTIVATING:
        if (sett_conn) {
@ -2489,10 +2416,6 @@ device_state_changed(NMDevice           *device,
            }
        }
        ip6_remove_device_prefix_delegations(self, device);
-        if (!nm_device_get_refresh_forwarding_done(device)) {
-            refresh_forwarding(self, device, FALSE);
-            nm_device_set_refresh_forwarding_done(device, TRUE);
-        }
        break;
    case NM_DEVICE_STATE_DISCONNECTED:
        g_signal_handlers_disconnect_by_func(device, device_dns_lookup_done, self);
@ -2509,10 +2432,6 @@ device_state_changed(NMDevice           *device,

        /* Device is now available for auto-activation */
        nm_policy_device_recheck_auto_activate_schedule(self, device);
-        if (!nm_device_get_refresh_forwarding_done(device)) {
-            refresh_forwarding(self, device, FALSE);
-            nm_device_set_refresh_forwarding_done(device, TRUE);
-        }
        break;

    case NM_DEVICE_STATE_PREPARE:
@ -2528,10 +2447,6 @@ device_state_changed(NMDevice           *device,
            g_object_weak_unref(G_OBJECT(ac), pending_ac_gone, self);
            g_object_unref(self);
        }
-        if (!nm_device_get_refresh_forwarding_done(device)) {
-            refresh_forwarding(self, device, FALSE);
-            nm_device_set_refresh_forwarding_done(device, TRUE);
-        }
        break;
    case NM_DEVICE_STATE_IP_CONFIG:
        /* We must have secrets if we got here. */
@ -2542,10 +2457,6 @@ device_state_changed(NMDevice           *device,
                sett_conn,
                NM_SETTINGS_AUTOCONNECT_BLOCKED_REASON_FAILED,
                FALSE);
-        if (!nm_device_get_refresh_forwarding_done(device)) {
-            refresh_forwarding(self, device, FALSE);
-            nm_device_set_refresh_forwarding_done(device, TRUE);
-        }
        break;
    case NM_DEVICE_STATE_SECONDARIES:
        if (sett_conn)
--- a/src/core/supplicant/nm-supplicant-config.c
+++ b/src/core/supplicant/nm-supplicant-config.c
@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ typedef struct {
 typedef struct {
    GHashTable    *config;
    GHashTable    *blobs;
+    char          *private_user;
    NMSupplCapMask capabilities;
    guint32        ap_scan;
    bool           fast_required : 1;
@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ _get_capability(NMSupplicantConfigPrivate *priv, NMSupplCapType type)
 }

 NMSupplicantConfig *
-nm_supplicant_config_new(NMSupplCapMask capabilities)
+nm_supplicant_config_new(NMSupplCapMask capabilities, const char *private_user)
 {
    NMSupplicantConfigPrivate *priv;
    NMSupplicantConfig        *self;
@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ nm_supplicant_config_new(NMSupplCapMask capabilities)
    priv = NM_SUPPLICANT_CONFIG_GET_PRIVATE(self);

    priv->capabilities = capabilities;
+    priv->private_user = g_strdup(private_user);

    return self;
 }
@ -258,19 +260,19 @@ static gboolean
 nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(NMSupplicantConfig *self,
                                             GBytes             *field,
                                             const char         *name,
-                                             const char         *con_uid,
+                                             const char         *con_uuid,
                                             GError            **error)
 {
    if (field && g_bytes_get_size(field)) {
-        gs_free char *uid = NULL;
+        gs_free char *blob_id = NULL;
        char         *p;

-        uid = g_strdup_printf("%s-%s", con_uid, name);
-        for (p = uid; *p; p++) {
+        blob_id = g_strdup_printf("%s-%s", con_uuid, name);
+        for (p = blob_id; *p; p++) {
            if (*p == '/')
                *p = '-';
        }
-        if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob(self, name, field, uid, error))
+        if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob(self, name, field, blob_id, error))
            return FALSE;
    }
    return TRUE;
@ -283,6 +285,7 @@ nm_supplicant_config_finalize(GObject *object)

    g_hash_table_destroy(priv->config);
    nm_clear_pointer(&priv->blobs, g_hash_table_destroy);
+    nm_clear_pointer(&priv->private_user, g_free);

    G_OBJECT_CLASS(nm_supplicant_config_parent_class)->finalize(object);
 }
@ -930,6 +933,7 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_wireless_security(NMSupplicantConfig
                                                   guint32                       mtu,
                                                   NMSettingWirelessSecurityPmf  pmf,
                                                   NMSettingWirelessSecurityFils fils,
+                                                   GHashTable                   *files,
                                                   GError                      **error)
 {
    NMSupplicantConfigPrivate    *priv          = NM_SUPPLICANT_CONFIG_GET_PRIVATE(self);
@ -1284,6 +1288,7 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_wireless_security(NMSupplicantConfig
                                                        con_uuid,
                                                        mtu,
                                                        FALSE,
+                                                        files,
                                                        error))
                return FALSE;
        }
@ -1365,6 +1370,7 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(NMSupplicantConfig *self,
                                       const char         *con_uuid,
                                       guint32             mtu,
                                       gboolean            wired,
+                                       GHashTable         *files,
                                       GError            **error)
 {
    NMSupplicantConfigPrivate    *priv;
@ -1594,24 +1600,21 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(NMSupplicantConfig *self,
    }

    /* CA certificate */
+    path  = NULL;
+    bytes = NULL;
    if (ca_cert_override) {
-        if (!add_string_val(self, ca_cert_override, "ca_cert", FALSE, NULL, error))
-            return FALSE;
+        /* This is a build-time-configured system-wide file path, no need to pass
+         * it as a blob */
+        path = ca_cert_override;
    } else {
        switch (nm_setting_802_1x_get_ca_cert_scheme(setting)) {
        case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_BLOB:
            bytes = nm_setting_802_1x_get_ca_cert_blob(setting);
-            if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(self,
-                                                              bytes,
-                                                              "ca_cert",
-                                                              con_uuid,
-                                                              error))
-                return FALSE;
            break;
        case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PATH:
            path = nm_setting_802_1x_get_ca_cert_path(setting);
-            if (!add_string_val(self, path, "ca_cert", FALSE, NULL, error))
-                return FALSE;
+            if (priv->private_user)
+                bytes = nm_g_hash_table_lookup(files, path);
            break;
        case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PKCS11:
            if (!add_pkcs11_uri_with_pin(self,
@ -1627,26 +1630,32 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(NMSupplicantConfig *self,
            break;
        }
    }
+    if (bytes) {
+        if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(self, bytes, "ca_cert", con_uuid, error))
+            return FALSE;
+    } else if (path) {
+        /* Private connections cannot use paths other than the system CA store */
+        g_return_val_if_fail(ca_cert_override || !priv->private_user, FALSE);
+        if (!add_string_val(self, path, "ca_cert", FALSE, NULL, error))
+            return FALSE;
+    }

    /* Phase 2 CA certificate */
+    path  = NULL;
+    bytes = NULL;
    if (ca_cert_override) {
-        if (!add_string_val(self, ca_cert_override, "ca_cert2", FALSE, NULL, error))
-            return FALSE;
+        /* This is a build-time-configured system-wide file path, no need to pass
+         * it as a blob */
+        path = ca_cert_override;
    } else {
        switch (nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_ca_cert_scheme(setting)) {
        case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_BLOB:
            bytes = nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_ca_cert_blob(setting);
-            if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(self,
-                                                              bytes,
-                                                              "ca_cert2",
-                                                              con_uuid,
-                                                              error))
-                return FALSE;
            break;
        case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PATH:
            path = nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_ca_cert_path(setting);
-            if (!add_string_val(self, path, "ca_cert2", FALSE, NULL, error))
-                return FALSE;
+            if (priv->private_user)
+                bytes = nm_g_hash_table_lookup(files, path);
            break;
        case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PKCS11:
            if (!add_pkcs11_uri_with_pin(
@ -1663,6 +1672,15 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(NMSupplicantConfig *self,
            break;
        }
    }
+    if (bytes) {
+        if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(self, bytes, "ca_cert2", con_uuid, error))
+            return FALSE;
+    } else if (path) {
+        /* Private connections cannot use paths other than the system CA store */
+        g_return_val_if_fail(ca_cert_override || !priv->private_user, FALSE);
+        if (!add_string_val(self, path, "ca_cert2", FALSE, NULL, error))
+            return FALSE;
+    }

    /* Subject match */
    value = nm_setting_802_1x_get_subject_match(setting);
@ -1714,21 +1732,17 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(NMSupplicantConfig *self,

    /* Private key */
    added = FALSE;
+    path  = NULL;
+    bytes = NULL;
    switch (nm_setting_802_1x_get_private_key_scheme(setting)) {
    case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_BLOB:
        bytes = nm_setting_802_1x_get_private_key_blob(setting);
-        if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(self,
-                                                          bytes,
-                                                          "private_key",
-                                                          con_uuid,
-                                                          error))
-            return FALSE;
        added = TRUE;
        break;
    case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PATH:
        path = nm_setting_802_1x_get_private_key_path(setting);
-        if (!add_string_val(self, path, "private_key", FALSE, NULL, error))
-            return FALSE;
+        if (priv->private_user)
+            bytes = nm_g_hash_table_lookup(files, path);
        added = TRUE;
        break;
    case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PKCS11:
@ -1745,6 +1759,19 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(NMSupplicantConfig *self,
    default:
        break;
    }
+    if (bytes) {
+        if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(self,
+                                                          bytes,
+                                                          "private_key",
+                                                          con_uuid,
+                                                          error))
+            return FALSE;
+    } else if (path) {
+        /* Private connections cannot use paths */
+        g_return_val_if_fail(!priv->private_user, FALSE);
+        if (!add_string_val(self, path, "private_key", FALSE, NULL, error))
+            return FALSE;
+    }

    if (added) {
        NMSetting8021xCKFormat format;
@ -1768,20 +1795,16 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(NMSupplicantConfig *self,
            /* Only add the client cert if the private key is not PKCS#12, as
             * wpa_supplicant configuration directs us to do.
             */
+            path  = NULL;
+            bytes = NULL;
            switch (nm_setting_802_1x_get_client_cert_scheme(setting)) {
            case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_BLOB:
                bytes = nm_setting_802_1x_get_client_cert_blob(setting);
-                if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(self,
-                                                                  bytes,
-                                                                  "client_cert",
-                                                                  con_uuid,
-                                                                  error))
-                    return FALSE;
                break;
            case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PATH:
                path = nm_setting_802_1x_get_client_cert_path(setting);
-                if (!add_string_val(self, path, "client_cert", FALSE, NULL, error))
-                    return FALSE;
+                if (priv->private_user)
+                    bytes = nm_g_hash_table_lookup(files, path);
                break;
            case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PKCS11:
                if (!add_pkcs11_uri_with_pin(
@ -1797,26 +1820,35 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(NMSupplicantConfig *self,
            default:
                break;
            }
+            if (bytes) {
+                if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(self,
+                                                                  bytes,
+                                                                  "client_cert",
+                                                                  con_uuid,
+                                                                  error))
+                    return FALSE;
+            } else if (path) {
+                /* Private connections cannot use paths */
+                g_return_val_if_fail(!priv->private_user, FALSE);
+                if (!add_string_val(self, path, "client_cert", FALSE, NULL, error))
+                    return FALSE;
+            }
        }
    }

    /* Phase 2 private key */
    added = FALSE;
+    path  = NULL;
+    bytes = NULL;
    switch (nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_private_key_scheme(setting)) {
    case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_BLOB:
        bytes = nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_private_key_blob(setting);
-        if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(self,
-                                                          bytes,
-                                                          "private_key2",
-                                                          con_uuid,
-                                                          error))
-            return FALSE;
        added = TRUE;
        break;
    case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PATH:
        path = nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_private_key_path(setting);
-        if (!add_string_val(self, path, "private_key2", FALSE, NULL, error))
-            return FALSE;
+        if (priv->private_user)
+            bytes = nm_g_hash_table_lookup(files, path);
        added = TRUE;
        break;
    case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PKCS11:
@ -1834,6 +1866,19 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(NMSupplicantConfig *self,
    default:
        break;
    }
+    if (bytes) {
+        if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(self,
+                                                          bytes,
+                                                          "private_key2",
+                                                          con_uuid,
+                                                          error))
+            return FALSE;
+    } else if (path) {
+        /* Private connections cannot use paths */
+        g_return_val_if_fail(!priv->private_user, FALSE);
+        if (!add_string_val(self, path, "private_key2", FALSE, NULL, error))
+            return FALSE;
+    }

    if (added) {
        NMSetting8021xCKFormat format;
@ -1857,20 +1902,16 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(NMSupplicantConfig *self,
            /* Only add the client cert if the private key is not PKCS#12, as
             * wpa_supplicant configuration directs us to do.
             */
+            path  = NULL;
+            bytes = NULL;
            switch (nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_client_cert_scheme(setting)) {
            case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_BLOB:
                bytes = nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_client_cert_blob(setting);
-                if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(self,
-                                                                  bytes,
-                                                                  "client_cert2",
-                                                                  con_uuid,
-                                                                  error))
-                    return FALSE;
                break;
            case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PATH:
                path = nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_client_cert_path(setting);
-                if (!add_string_val(self, path, "client_cert2", FALSE, NULL, error))
-                    return FALSE;
+                if (priv->private_user)
+                    bytes = nm_g_hash_table_lookup(files, path);
                break;
            case NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PKCS11:
                if (!add_pkcs11_uri_with_pin(
@ -1886,6 +1927,19 @@ nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(NMSupplicantConfig *self,
            default:
                break;
            }
+            if (bytes) {
+                if (!nm_supplicant_config_add_blob_for_connection(self,
+                                                                  bytes,
+                                                                  "client_cert2",
+                                                                  con_uuid,
+                                                                  error))
+                    return FALSE;
+            } else if (path) {
+                /* Private connections cannot use paths */
+                g_return_val_if_fail(!priv->private_user, FALSE);
+                if (!add_string_val(self, path, "client_cert2", FALSE, NULL, error))
+                    return FALSE;
+            }
        }
    }

--- a/src/core/supplicant/nm-supplicant-config.h
+++ b/src/core/supplicant/nm-supplicant-config.h
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ typedef struct _NMSupplicantConfigClass NMSupplicantConfigClass;

 GType nm_supplicant_config_get_type(void);

-NMSupplicantConfig *nm_supplicant_config_new(NMSupplCapMask capabilities);
+NMSupplicantConfig *nm_supplicant_config_new(NMSupplCapMask capabilities, const char *private_user);

 guint32 nm_supplicant_config_get_ap_scan(NMSupplicantConfig *self);

@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ gboolean nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_wireless_security(NMSupplicantConfig
                                                            guint32         mtu,
                                                            NMSettingWirelessSecurityPmf  pmf,
                                                            NMSettingWirelessSecurityFils fils,
+                                                            GHashTable                   *files,
                                                            GError                      **error);

 gboolean nm_supplicant_config_add_no_security(NMSupplicantConfig *self, GError **error);
@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ gboolean nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_8021x(NMSupplicantConfig *self,
                                                const char         *con_uuid,
                                                guint32             mtu,
                                                gboolean            wired,
+                                                GHashTable         *files,
                                                GError            **error);

 gboolean nm_supplicant_config_add_setting_macsec(NMSupplicantConfig    *self,
--- a/src/core/supplicant/nm-supplicant-interface.c
+++ b/src/core/supplicant/nm-supplicant-interface.c
@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ typedef struct {
    gpointer                     user_data;
    guint                        fail_on_idle_id;
    guint                        blobs_left;
+    guint                        remove_blobs_left;
    guint                        calls_left;
    struct _AddNetworkData      *add_network_data;
 } AssocData;
@ -2264,6 +2265,7 @@ assoc_add_blob_cb(GObject *source, GAsyncResult *result, gpointer user_data)
        return;
    }

+    nm_assert(priv->assoc_data->blobs_left > 0);
    priv->assoc_data->blobs_left--;
    _LOGT("assoc[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: blob added (%u left)",
          NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(priv->assoc_data),
@ -2272,6 +2274,148 @@ assoc_add_blob_cb(GObject *source, GAsyncResult *result, gpointer user_data)
        assoc_call_select_network(self);
 }

+static void
+assoc_add_blobs(NMSupplicantInterface *self)
+{
+    NMSupplicantInterfacePrivate *priv = NM_SUPPLICANT_INTERFACE_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+    GHashTable                   *blobs;
+    GHashTableIter                iter;
+    const char                   *blob_name;
+    GBytes                       *blob_data;
+
+    blobs                        = nm_supplicant_config_get_blobs(priv->assoc_data->cfg);
+    priv->assoc_data->blobs_left = nm_g_hash_table_size(blobs);
+
+    _LOGT("assoc[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: need to add %u blobs",
+          NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(priv->assoc_data),
+          priv->assoc_data->blobs_left);
+
+    if (priv->assoc_data->blobs_left == 0) {
+        assoc_call_select_network(self);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, blobs);
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, (gpointer) &blob_name, (gpointer) &blob_data)) {
+        _LOGT("assoc[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: adding blob '%s'",
+              NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(priv->assoc_data),
+              blob_name);
+        _dbus_connection_call(
+            self,
+            NM_WPAS_DBUS_IFACE_INTERFACE,
+            "AddBlob",
+            g_variant_new("(s@ay)", blob_name, nm_g_bytes_to_variant_ay(blob_data)),
+            G_VARIANT_TYPE("()"),
+            G_DBUS_CALL_FLAGS_NONE,
+            DBUS_TIMEOUT_MSEC,
+            priv->assoc_data->cancellable,
+            assoc_add_blob_cb,
+            self);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+assoc_remove_blob_cb(GObject *source, GAsyncResult *result, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    NMSupplicantInterface        *self;
+    NMSupplicantInterfacePrivate *priv;
+    gs_free_error GError         *error = NULL;
+    gs_unref_variant GVariant    *res   = NULL;
+
+    res = g_dbus_connection_call_finish(G_DBUS_CONNECTION(source), result, &error);
+    if (nm_utils_error_is_cancelled(error))
+        return;
+
+    self = NM_SUPPLICANT_INTERFACE(user_data);
+    priv = NM_SUPPLICANT_INTERFACE_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    /* We don't consider a failure fatal. The new association might be able
+     * to proceed even with the existing blobs, if they don't conflict with new
+     * ones. */
+
+    nm_assert(priv->assoc_data->remove_blobs_left > 0);
+    priv->assoc_data->remove_blobs_left--;
+
+    if (error) {
+        g_dbus_error_strip_remote_error(error);
+        _LOGD("assoc[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: failed to delete blob: %s",
+              NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(priv->assoc_data),
+              error->message);
+    } else {
+        _LOGT("assoc[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: blob removed (%u left)",
+              NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(priv->assoc_data),
+              priv->assoc_data->remove_blobs_left);
+    }
+
+    if (priv->assoc_data->remove_blobs_left == 0)
+        assoc_add_blobs(self);
+}
+
+static void
+assoc_get_blobs_cb(GObject *source, GAsyncResult *result, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    NMSupplicantInterface        *self;
+    NMSupplicantInterfacePrivate *priv;
+    gs_free_error GError         *error = NULL;
+    gs_unref_variant GVariant    *res   = NULL;
+    gs_unref_variant GVariant    *value = NULL;
+    GVariantIter                  iter;
+    const char                   *blob_name;
+    GVariant                     *blob_data;
+
+    res = g_dbus_connection_call_finish(G_DBUS_CONNECTION(source), result, &error);
+    if (nm_utils_error_is_cancelled(error))
+        return;
+
+    self = NM_SUPPLICANT_INTERFACE(user_data);
+    priv = NM_SUPPLICANT_INTERFACE_GET_PRIVATE(self);
+
+    if (error) {
+        _LOGD("assoc[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: failed to get blob list: %s",
+              NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(priv->assoc_data),
+              error->message);
+        assoc_add_blobs(self);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    g_variant_get(res, "(v)", &value);
+
+    /* While the "Blobs" property is documented as type "as", it is actually "a{say}" */
+    if (!value || !g_variant_is_of_type(value, G_VARIANT_TYPE("a{say}"))) {
+        _LOGD("assoc[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: failed to get blob list: wrong return type %s",
+              NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(priv->assoc_data),
+              value ? g_variant_get_type_string(value) : "NULL");
+        assoc_add_blobs(self);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    g_variant_iter_init(&iter, value);
+    priv->assoc_data->remove_blobs_left = g_variant_iter_n_children(&iter);
+    _LOGT("assoc[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: need to delete %u blobs",
+          NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(priv->assoc_data),
+          priv->assoc_data->remove_blobs_left);
+
+    if (priv->assoc_data->remove_blobs_left == 0) {
+        assoc_add_blobs(self);
+    } else {
+        while (g_variant_iter_loop(&iter, "{&s@ay}", &blob_name, &blob_data)) {
+            _LOGT("assoc[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: removing blob '%s'",
+                  NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(priv->assoc_data),
+                  blob_name);
+            _dbus_connection_call(self,
+                                  NM_WPAS_DBUS_IFACE_INTERFACE,
+                                  "RemoveBlob",
+                                  g_variant_new("(s)", blob_name),
+                                  G_VARIANT_TYPE("()"),
+                                  G_DBUS_CALL_FLAGS_NONE,
+                                  DBUS_TIMEOUT_MSEC,
+                                  priv->assoc_data->cancellable,
+                                  assoc_remove_blob_cb,
+                                  self);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 static void
 assoc_add_network_cb(GObject *source, GAsyncResult *result, gpointer user_data)
 {
@ -2281,10 +2425,6 @@ assoc_add_network_cb(GObject *source, GAsyncResult *result, gpointer user_data)
    NMSupplicantInterfacePrivate   *priv;
    gs_unref_variant GVariant      *res         = NULL;
    gs_free_error GError           *error       = NULL;
-    GHashTable                     *blobs;
-    GHashTableIter                  iter;
-    const char                     *blob_name;
-    GBytes                         *blob_data;
    nm_auto_ref_string NMRefString *name_owner  = NULL;
    nm_auto_ref_string NMRefString *object_path = NULL;

@ -2336,35 +2476,22 @@ assoc_add_network_cb(GObject *source, GAsyncResult *result, gpointer user_data)
    nm_assert(!priv->net_path);
    g_variant_get(res, "(o)", &priv->net_path);

-    /* Send blobs first; otherwise jump to selecting the network */
-    blobs                        = nm_supplicant_config_get_blobs(priv->assoc_data->cfg);
-    priv->assoc_data->blobs_left = blobs ? g_hash_table_size(blobs) : 0u;
-
-    _LOGT("assoc[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: network added (%s) (%u blobs left)",
+    _LOGT("assoc[" NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR_FMT "]: network added (%s)",
          NM_HASH_OBFUSCATE_PTR(priv->assoc_data),
-          priv->net_path,
-          priv->assoc_data->blobs_left);
+          priv->net_path);

-    if (priv->assoc_data->blobs_left == 0) {
-        assoc_call_select_network(self);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, blobs);
-    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, (gpointer) &blob_name, (gpointer) &blob_data)) {
-        _dbus_connection_call(
-            self,
-            NM_WPAS_DBUS_IFACE_INTERFACE,
-            "AddBlob",
-            g_variant_new("(s@ay)", blob_name, nm_g_bytes_to_variant_ay(blob_data)),
-            G_VARIANT_TYPE("()"),
+    /* Delete any existing blobs before adding new ones */
+    _dbus_connection_call(self,
+                          DBUS_INTERFACE_PROPERTIES,
+                          "Get",
+                          g_variant_new("(ss)", NM_WPAS_DBUS_IFACE_INTERFACE, "Blobs"),
+                          G_VARIANT_TYPE("(v)"),
                          G_DBUS_CALL_FLAGS_NONE,
                          DBUS_TIMEOUT_MSEC,
                          priv->assoc_data->cancellable,
-            assoc_add_blob_cb,
+                          assoc_get_blobs_cb,
                          self);
 }
-}

 static void
 add_network(NMSupplicantInterface *self)
--- a/src/core/supplicant/tests/test-supplicant-config.c
+++ b/src/core/supplicant/tests/test-supplicant-config.c
@ -98,7 +98,8 @@ build_supplicant_config(NMConnection  *connection,
    NMSetting8021x                     *s_8021x;
    gboolean                            success;

-    config = nm_supplicant_config_new(capabilities);
+    config = nm_supplicant_config_new(capabilities,
+                                      nm_utils_get_connection_first_permissions_user(connection));

    s_wifi = nm_connection_get_setting_wireless(connection);
    g_assert(s_wifi);
@ -120,6 +121,7 @@ build_supplicant_config(NMConnection  *connection,
                                                               mtu,
                                                               pmf,
                                                               fils,
+                                                               NULL,
                                                               &error);
    } else {
        success = nm_supplicant_config_add_no_security(config, &error);
--- a/src/core/tests/config/global-dns-empty.conf
+++ b/src/core/tests/config/global-dns-empty.conf
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Good configuration, an empty global-dns section must be valid
+
+[global-dns]
--- a/src/core/tests/config/global-dns-not-set.conf
+++ b/src/core/tests/config/global-dns-not-set.conf
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Good configuration, an empty [global-dns] must be implicitly assumed because a domain is defined
+
+[global-dns-domain-*]
+servers=4.5.6.7
+options=myoption1
--- a/src/core/tests/config/test-config.c
+++ b/src/core/tests/config/test-config.c
@ -387,7 +387,27 @@ test_config_global_dns(void)
    g_assert(dns);
    g_object_unref(config);

-    /* Check that a file with a domain domain, but without a default one gives a NULL configuration */
+    /* Check that a file with an empty global-dns section gives a good configuration.
+     * Check also that searches and options are not NULL, as this is how we expose to
+     * D-Bus that global-dns is defined. */
+    config =
+        setup_config(NULL, TEST_DIR "/global-dns-empty.conf", "", NULL, "/no/such/dir", "", NULL);
+    dns = nm_config_data_get_global_dns_config(nm_config_get_data_orig(config));
+    g_assert(dns);
+    g_assert(nm_global_dns_config_get_searches(dns));
+    g_assert(nm_global_dns_config_get_options(dns));
+    g_object_unref(config);
+
+    /* Check that a file with a domain, but no global-dns, assumes an implicit empty global-dns */
+    config =
+        setup_config(NULL, TEST_DIR "/global-dns-not-set.conf", "", NULL, "/no/such/dir", "", NULL);
+    dns = nm_config_data_get_global_dns_config(nm_config_get_data_orig(config));
+    g_assert(dns);
+    g_assert(nm_global_dns_config_get_searches(dns));
+    g_assert(nm_global_dns_config_get_options(dns));
+    g_object_unref(config);
+
+    /* Check that a file with a domain, but without a default one, gives a NULL configuration */
    config =
        setup_config(NULL, TEST_DIR "/global-dns-invalid.conf", "", NULL, "/no/such/dir", "", NULL);
    dns = nm_config_data_get_global_dns_config(nm_config_get_data_orig(config));
--- a/src/libnm-client-impl/libnm.ver
+++ b/src/libnm-client-impl/libnm.ver
@ -2076,3 +2076,16 @@ global:
 	nm_setting_sriov_get_preserve_on_down;
 	nm_sriov_preserve_on_down_get_type;
 } libnm_1_52_0;
+
+libnm_1_54_2 {
+global:
+	nm_setting_hsr_get_interlink;
+	nm_setting_hsr_get_protocol_version;
+	nm_setting_hsr_protocol_version_get_type;
+} libnm_1_54_0;
+
+libnm_1_54_3 {
+global:
+	nm_utils_copy_cert_as_user;
+	nm_vpn_plugin_info_supports_safe_private_file_access;
+} libnm_1_54_2;
--- a/src/libnm-client-impl/tests/meson.build
+++ b/src/libnm-client-impl/tests/meson.build
@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ test_units = [
  'test-nm-client',
  'test-remote-settings-client',
  'test-secret-agent',
+  'test-copy-cert-as-user'
 ]

 foreach test_unit: test_units
@ -37,12 +38,15 @@ foreach test_unit: test_units
    ],
  )

+  # test-copy-cert-as-user is a manual test, don't run it automatically
+  if test_unit != 'test-copy-cert-as-user'
    test(
      'src/libnm-client-impl/tests/' + test_unit,
      test_script,
      timeout: 90,
      args: test_args + [exe.full_path()],
    )
+  endif
 endforeach

 if enable_introspection
--- a/src/libnm-client-impl/tests/test-copy-cert-as-user.c
+++ b/src/libnm-client-impl/tests/test-copy-cert-as-user.c
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */
+
+/* 
+ * This is a program to manually test the
+ * nm_utils_copy_cert_as_user() libnm function.
+ */
+
+#include "libnm-client-impl/nm-default-libnm.h"
+
+#include "nm-utils.h"
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    gs_free_error GError *error    = NULL;
+    gs_free char         *filename = NULL;
+
+    if (argc != 3) {
+        g_printerr("Usage: %s <FILE> <USER>\n", argv[0]);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    filename = nm_utils_copy_cert_as_user(argv[1], argv[2], &error);
+    if (!filename) {
+        g_printerr("Error: %s\n", error->message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    g_print("%s\n", filename);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/src/libnm-client-impl/tests/test-gir.py
+++ b/src/libnm-client-impl/tests/test-gir.py
@ -93,6 +93,8 @@ def syms_from_ver(verfile):
    # hardcode it.
    c_syms["nm_ethtool_optname_is_feature"] = "1.20"
    c_syms["nm_setting_bond_port_get_prio"] = "1.44"
+    c_syms["nm_utils_copy_cert_as_user"] = "1.56"
+    c_syms["nm_vpn_plugin_info_supports_safe_private_file_access"] = "1.56"

    return c_syms

--- a/src/libnm-client-impl/tests/test-nm-client.c
+++ b/src/libnm-client-impl/tests/test-nm-client.c
@ -1434,7 +1434,7 @@ test_client_wait_shutdown(void)
    for (i_run = 0; i_run < N_RUN; i_run++) {
        gs_unref_object GCancellable                    *init_cancellable = g_cancellable_new();
        gs_unref_object NMClient                        *nmc              = NULL;
-        nm_auto_pop_gmaincontext GMainContext *client_context   = NULL;
+        nm_auto_pop_and_unref_gmaincontext GMainContext *client_context   = NULL;
        gboolean                                         b;
        gboolean                                         context_integrated = FALSE;
        gs_unref_object GCancellable                    *cancellable_1      = NULL;
--- a/src/libnm-core-impl/gen-metadata-nm-settings-libnm-core.xml.in
+++ b/src/libnm-core-impl/gen-metadata-nm-settings-libnm-core.xml.in
@ -1516,6 +1516,10 @@
    <setting name="hsr"
             gtype="NMSettingHsr"
             >
+        <property name="interlink"
+                  dbus-type="s"
+                  gprop-type="gchararray"
+                  />
        <property name="multicast-spec"
                  dbus-type="u"
                  gprop-type="guint"
@ -1528,6 +1532,10 @@
                  dbus-type="s"
                  gprop-type="gchararray"
                  />
+        <property name="protocol-version"
+                  dbus-type="i"
+                  gprop-type="gint"
+                  />
        <property name="prp"
                  dbus-type="b"
                  gprop-type="gboolean"
--- a/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-setting-8021x.c
+++ b/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-setting-8021x.c
@ -3133,6 +3133,86 @@ need_secrets(NMSetting *setting, gboolean check_rerequest)

 /*****************************************************************************/

+static void
+get_private_files(NMSetting *setting, GPtrArray *files)
+{
+    const struct {
+        const char *property;
+        NMSetting8021xCKScheme (*get_scheme_func)(NMSetting8021x *);
+        const char *(*get_path_func)(NMSetting8021x *);
+    } cert_props[] = {
+        {NM_SETTING_802_1X_CA_CERT,
+         nm_setting_802_1x_get_ca_cert_scheme,
+         nm_setting_802_1x_get_ca_cert_path},
+        {NM_SETTING_802_1X_CLIENT_CERT,
+         nm_setting_802_1x_get_client_cert_scheme,
+         nm_setting_802_1x_get_client_cert_path},
+        {NM_SETTING_802_1X_PRIVATE_KEY,
+         nm_setting_802_1x_get_private_key_scheme,
+         nm_setting_802_1x_get_private_key_path},
+        {NM_SETTING_802_1X_PHASE2_CA_CERT,
+         nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_ca_cert_scheme,
+         nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_ca_cert_path},
+        {NM_SETTING_802_1X_PHASE2_CLIENT_CERT,
+         nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_client_cert_scheme,
+         nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_client_cert_path},
+        {NM_SETTING_802_1X_PHASE2_PRIVATE_KEY,
+         nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_private_key_scheme,
+         nm_setting_802_1x_get_phase2_private_key_path},
+    };
+    NMSetting8021x *s_8021x = NM_SETTING_802_1X(setting);
+    const char     *path;
+    guint           i;
+
+    if (NM_MORE_ASSERT_ONCE(5)) {
+        GObjectClass        *klass;
+        gs_free GParamSpec **properties = NULL;
+        guint                n_properties;
+        gboolean             found;
+        guint                j;
+
+        /* Check that all the properties in the setting with flag CERT_KEY_FILE
+         * are listed in the table, and vice versa. */
+
+        klass = G_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(setting);
+
+        properties = g_object_class_list_properties(klass, &n_properties);
+        for (i = 0; i < n_properties; i++) {
+            if (!(properties[i]->flags & NM_SETTING_PARAM_CERT_KEY_FILE))
+                continue;
+
+            found = FALSE;
+            for (j = 0; j < G_N_ELEMENTS(cert_props); j++) {
+                if (nm_streq0(properties[i]->name, cert_props[j].property)) {
+                    found = TRUE;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            nm_assert(found);
+        }
+
+        for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(cert_props); i++) {
+            GParamSpec *prop;
+
+            prop = g_object_class_find_property(klass, cert_props[i].property);
+            nm_assert(prop);
+            nm_assert(prop->flags & NM_SETTING_PARAM_CERT_KEY_FILE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(cert_props); i++) {
+        if (cert_props[i].get_scheme_func(s_8021x) == NM_SETTING_802_1X_CK_SCHEME_PATH) {
+            path = cert_props[i].get_path_func(s_8021x);
+            if (path) {
+                g_ptr_array_add(files, (gpointer) path);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
 static void
 get_property(GObject *object, guint prop_id, GValue *value, GParamSpec *pspec)
 {
@ -3225,6 +3305,7 @@ nm_setting_802_1x_class_init(NMSetting8021xClass *klass)

    setting_class->verify            = verify;
    setting_class->need_secrets      = need_secrets;
+    setting_class->get_private_files = get_private_files;

    /**
     * NMSetting8021x:eap:
@ -3359,7 +3440,7 @@ nm_setting_802_1x_class_init(NMSetting8021xClass *klass)
                                             obj_properties,
                                             NM_SETTING_802_1X_CA_CERT,
                                             PROP_CA_CERT,
-                                             NM_SETTING_PARAM_NONE,
+                                             NM_SETTING_PARAM_CERT_KEY_FILE,
                                             NMSetting8021xPrivate,
                                             ca_cert);

@ -3556,7 +3637,7 @@ nm_setting_802_1x_class_init(NMSetting8021xClass *klass)
                                             obj_properties,
                                             NM_SETTING_802_1X_CLIENT_CERT,
                                             PROP_CLIENT_CERT,
-                                             NM_SETTING_PARAM_NONE,
+                                             NM_SETTING_PARAM_CERT_KEY_FILE,
                                             NMSetting8021xPrivate,
                                             client_cert);

@ -3803,7 +3884,7 @@ nm_setting_802_1x_class_init(NMSetting8021xClass *klass)
                                             obj_properties,
                                             NM_SETTING_802_1X_PHASE2_CA_CERT,
                                             PROP_PHASE2_CA_CERT,
-                                             NM_SETTING_PARAM_NONE,
+                                             NM_SETTING_PARAM_CERT_KEY_FILE,
                                             NMSetting8021xPrivate,
                                             phase2_ca_cert);

@ -4006,7 +4087,7 @@ nm_setting_802_1x_class_init(NMSetting8021xClass *klass)
                                             obj_properties,
                                             NM_SETTING_802_1X_PHASE2_CLIENT_CERT,
                                             PROP_PHASE2_CLIENT_CERT,
-                                             NM_SETTING_PARAM_NONE,
+                                             NM_SETTING_PARAM_CERT_KEY_FILE,
                                             NMSetting8021xPrivate,
                                             phase2_client_cert);

@ -4175,7 +4256,7 @@ nm_setting_802_1x_class_init(NMSetting8021xClass *klass)
                                             obj_properties,
                                             NM_SETTING_802_1X_PRIVATE_KEY,
                                             PROP_PRIVATE_KEY,
-                                             NM_SETTING_PARAM_NONE,
+                                             NM_SETTING_PARAM_CERT_KEY_FILE,
                                             NMSetting8021xPrivate,
                                             private_key);

@ -4276,7 +4357,7 @@ nm_setting_802_1x_class_init(NMSetting8021xClass *klass)
                                             obj_properties,
                                             NM_SETTING_802_1X_PHASE2_PRIVATE_KEY,
                                             PROP_PHASE2_PRIVATE_KEY,
-                                             NM_SETTING_PARAM_NONE,
+                                             NM_SETTING_PARAM_CERT_KEY_FILE,
                                             NMSetting8021xPrivate,
                                             phase2_private_key);

--- a/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-setting-connection.c
+++ b/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-setting-connection.c
@ -431,6 +431,47 @@ nm_setting_connection_permissions_user_allowed_by_uid(NMSettingConnection *setti
    return _permissions_user_allowed(setting, NULL, uid);
 }

+guint
+_nm_setting_connection_get_num_permissions_users(NMSettingConnection *setting)
+{
+    NMSettingConnectionPrivate *priv;
+    guint                       i;
+    guint                       count = 0;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_SETTING_CONNECTION(setting));
+    priv = NM_SETTING_CONNECTION_GET_PRIVATE(setting);
+
+    for (i = 0; priv->permissions && i < priv->permissions->len; i++) {
+        const Permission *permission = &nm_g_array_index(priv->permissions, Permission, i);
+
+        if (permission->ptype == PERM_TYPE_USER) {
+            count++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return count;
+}
+
+const char *
+_nm_setting_connection_get_first_permissions_user(NMSettingConnection *setting)
+{
+    NMSettingConnectionPrivate *priv;
+    guint                       i;
+
+    nm_assert(NM_IS_SETTING_CONNECTION(setting));
+    priv = NM_SETTING_CONNECTION_GET_PRIVATE(setting);
+
+    for (i = 0; priv->permissions && i < priv->permissions->len; i++) {
+        const Permission *permission = &nm_g_array_index(priv->permissions, Permission, i);
+
+        if (permission->ptype == PERM_TYPE_USER) {
+            return permission->item;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
 /**
 * nm_setting_connection_add_permission:
 * @setting: the #NMSettingConnection
--- a/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-setting-hsr.c
+++ b/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-setting-hsr.c
@ -23,12 +23,20 @@

 /*****************************************************************************/

-NM_GOBJECT_PROPERTIES_DEFINE(NMSettingHsr, PROP_PORT1, PROP_PORT2, PROP_MULTICAST_SPEC, PROP_PRP, );
+NM_GOBJECT_PROPERTIES_DEFINE(NMSettingHsr,
+                             PROP_PORT1,
+                             PROP_PORT2,
+                             PROP_MULTICAST_SPEC,
+                             PROP_PRP,
+                             PROP_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+                             PROP_INTERLINK, );

 typedef struct {
    char   *port1;
    char   *port2;
+    char   *interlink;
    guint32 multicast_spec;
+    int     protocol_version;
    bool    prp;
 } NMSettingHsrPrivate;

@ -117,6 +125,38 @@ nm_setting_hsr_get_prp(NMSettingHsr *setting)
    return NM_SETTING_HSR_GET_PRIVATE(setting)->prp;
 }

+/**
+ * nm_setting_hsr_get_protocol_version:
+ * @setting: the #NMSettingHsr
+ *
+ * Returns: the #NMSettingHsr:protocol-version property of the setting
+ *
+ * Since: 1.56, 1.54.2
+ **/
+NMSettingHsrProtocolVersion
+nm_setting_hsr_get_protocol_version(NMSettingHsr *setting)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_SETTING_HSR(setting), NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_DEFAULT);
+
+    return NM_SETTING_HSR_GET_PRIVATE(setting)->protocol_version;
+}
+
+/**
+ * nm_setting_hsr_get_interlink:
+ * @setting: the #NMSettingHsr
+ *
+ * Returns: the #NMSettingHsr:interlink property of the setting
+ *
+ * Since: 1.56, 1.54.2
+ **/
+const char *
+nm_setting_hsr_get_interlink(NMSettingHsr *setting)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_SETTING_HSR(setting), NULL);
+
+    return NM_SETTING_HSR_GET_PRIVATE(setting)->interlink;
+}
+
 /*****************************************************************************/

 static gboolean
@ -160,6 +200,18 @@ verify(NMSetting *setting, NMConnection *connection, GError **error)
        return FALSE;
    }

+    if (priv->prp && priv->protocol_version != NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_DEFAULT) {
+        g_set_error(error,
+                    NM_CONNECTION_ERROR,
+                    NM_CONNECTION_ERROR_INVALID_PROPERTY,
+                    _("HSR protocol cannot be configured for PRP interfaces"));
+        g_prefix_error(error,
+                       "%s.%s: ",
+                       NM_SETTING_HSR_SETTING_NAME,
+                       NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
    return TRUE;
 }

@ -260,6 +312,42 @@ nm_setting_hsr_class_init(NMSettingHsrClass *klass)
                                               NMSettingHsr,
                                               _priv.prp);

+    /**
+      * NMSettingHsr:protocol-version:
+      *
+      * Configures the protocol version to be used for the HSR/PRP interface.
+      * %NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_DEFAULT sets the protocol version to the default version for the protocol.
+      * %NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_HSR_2010 sets the protocol version to HSRv0 (IEC 62439-3:2010).
+      * %NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_HSR_2012 sets the protocol version to HSRv1 (IEC 62439-3:2012).
+      *
+      * Since: 1.56, 1.54.2
+      **/
+    _nm_setting_property_define_direct_enum(properties_override,
+                                            obj_properties,
+                                            NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+                                            PROP_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+                                            NM_TYPE_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+                                            NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_DEFAULT,
+                                            NM_SETTING_PARAM_NONE,
+                                            NULL,
+                                            NMSettingHsr,
+                                            _priv.protocol_version);
+
+    /**
+      * NMSettingHsr:interlink:
+      *
+      * The optional interlink port name of the HSR interface.
+      *
+      * Since: 1.56, 1.54.2
+      **/
+    _nm_setting_property_define_direct_string(properties_override,
+                                              obj_properties,
+                                              NM_SETTING_HSR_INTERLINK,
+                                              PROP_INTERLINK,
+                                              NM_SETTING_PARAM_INFERRABLE,
+                                              NMSettingHsr,
+                                              _priv.interlink);
+
    g_object_class_install_properties(object_class, _PROPERTY_ENUMS_LAST, obj_properties);

    _nm_setting_class_commit(setting_class, NM_META_SETTING_TYPE_HSR, NULL, properties_override, 0);
--- a/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-setting-private.h
+++ b/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-setting-private.h
@ -154,6 +154,11 @@ struct _NMSettingClass {
                               guint /* NMSettingParseFlags */ parse_flags,
                               GError                        **error);

+    /* returns a list of certificate/key files referenced in the connection.
+     * When the connection is private, we need to verify that the owner of
+     * the connection has access to them. */
+    void (*get_private_files)(NMSetting *setting, GPtrArray *files);
+
    const struct _NMMetaSettingInfo *setting_info;
 };

@ -334,6 +339,11 @@ struct _NMRange {
 */
 #define NM_SETTING_PARAM_TO_DBUS_IGNORE_FLAGS (1 << (7 + G_PARAM_USER_SHIFT))

+/* The property can refer to a certificate or key stored on disk. As such,
+ * special care is needed when accessing the file for private connections.
+ */
+#define NM_SETTING_PARAM_CERT_KEY_FILE (1 << (8 + G_PARAM_USER_SHIFT))
+
 extern const NMSettInfoPropertType nm_sett_info_propert_type_setting_name;
 extern const NMSettInfoPropertType nm_sett_info_propert_type_deprecated_interface_name;
 extern const NMSettInfoPropertType nm_sett_info_propert_type_deprecated_ignore_i;
@ -859,9 +869,10 @@ _nm_properties_override(GArray *properties_override, const NMSettInfoProperty *p
    {                                                                                              \
        GParamSpec *_param_spec;                                                                   \
                                                                                                   \
-        G_STATIC_ASSERT(!NM_FLAGS_ANY((param_flags),                                               \
+        G_STATIC_ASSERT(                                                                           \
+            !NM_FLAGS_ANY((param_flags),                                                           \
                          ~(NM_SETTING_PARAM_SECRET | NM_SETTING_PARAM_INFERRABLE                  \
-                                        | NM_SETTING_PARAM_FUZZY_IGNORE)));                        \
+                            | NM_SETTING_PARAM_FUZZY_IGNORE | NM_SETTING_PARAM_CERT_KEY_FILE)));   \
                                                                                                   \
        _param_spec = g_param_spec_boxed("" prop_name "",                                          \
                                         "",                                                       \
--- a/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-setting-wireguard.c
+++ b/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-setting-wireguard.c
@ -1477,6 +1477,7 @@ peers_to_dbus(_NM_SETT_INFO_PROP_TO_DBUS_FCN_ARGS _nm_nil)
    for (i_peer = 0; i_peer < n_peers; i_peer++) {
        const NMWireGuardPeer *peer = _peers_get(priv, i_peer)->peer;
        GVariantBuilder        builder;
+        gboolean               has_secrets = FALSE;

        if (!peer->public_key)
            continue;
@ -1496,11 +1497,13 @@ peers_to_dbus(_NM_SETT_INFO_PROP_TO_DBUS_FCN_ARGS _nm_nil)
                g_variant_new_string(nm_sock_addr_endpoint_get_endpoint(peer->endpoint)));

        if (_nm_connection_serialize_secrets(flags, peer->preshared_key_flags)
-            && peer->preshared_key)
+            && peer->preshared_key) {
            g_variant_builder_add(&builder,
                                  "{sv}",
                                  NM_WIREGUARD_PEER_ATTR_PRESHARED_KEY,
                                  g_variant_new_string(peer->preshared_key));
+            has_secrets = TRUE;
+        }

        if (_nm_connection_serialize_non_secret(flags)
            && peer->preshared_key_flags != NM_SETTING_SECRET_FLAG_NOT_REQUIRED)
@ -1546,6 +1549,20 @@ peers_to_dbus(_NM_SETT_INFO_PROP_TO_DBUS_FCN_ARGS _nm_nil)
                                  g_variant_new_strv(strv, peer->allowed_ips->len));
        }

+        if (NM_FLAGS_ANY(flags,
+                         NM_CONNECTION_SERIALIZE_ONLY_SECRETS
+                             | NM_CONNECTION_SERIALIZE_WITH_SECRETS_AGENT_OWNED
+                             | NM_CONNECTION_SERIALIZE_WITH_SECRETS_SYSTEM_OWNED
+                             | NM_CONNECTION_SERIALIZE_WITH_SECRETS_NOT_SAVED)
+            && !_nm_connection_serialize_non_secret(flags)) {
+            /* The flags indicate that only secrets must be serialized and this
+             * peer doesn't contain any. Skip the peer. */
+            if (!has_secrets) {
+                g_variant_builder_clear(&builder);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
        if (!any_peers) {
            g_variant_builder_init(&peers_builder, G_VARIANT_TYPE("aa{sv}"));
            any_peers = TRUE;
--- a/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-setting.c
+++ b/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-setting.c
@ -2262,6 +2262,34 @@ init_from_dbus(NMSetting                      *setting,
    return TRUE;
 }

+static void
+get_private_files(NMSetting *setting, GPtrArray *files)
+{
+    if (NM_MORE_ASSERTS) {
+        GParamSpec **properties;
+        guint        n_properties;
+        int          i;
+
+        properties = g_object_class_list_properties(G_OBJECT_GET_CLASS(setting), &n_properties);
+        for (i = 0; i < n_properties; i++) {
+            if (properties[i]->flags & NM_SETTING_PARAM_CERT_KEY_FILE) {
+                /* Certificates and keys needs special handling, see setting 802.1X */
+                nm_assert_not_reached();
+            }
+        }
+        g_free(properties);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+_nm_setting_get_private_files(NMSetting *setting, GPtrArray *files)
+{
+    g_return_if_fail(NM_IS_SETTING(setting));
+    g_return_if_fail(files);
+
+    NM_SETTING_GET_CLASS(setting)->get_private_files(setting, files);
+}
+
 /**
 * nm_setting_get_dbus_property_type:
 * @setting: an #NMSetting
@ -4672,6 +4700,7 @@ nm_setting_class_init(NMSettingClass *setting_class)
    setting_class->enumerate_values          = enumerate_values;
    setting_class->aggregate                 = aggregate;
    setting_class->init_from_dbus            = init_from_dbus;
+    setting_class->get_private_files         = get_private_files;

    /**
     * NMSetting:name:
--- a/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-utils.c
+++ b/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-utils.c
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <linux/pkt_sched.h>
 #include <linux/if_infiniband.h>

+#include "libnm-glib-aux/nm-io-utils.h"
 #include "libnm-glib-aux/nm-uuid.h"
 #include "libnm-glib-aux/nm-json-aux.h"
 #include "libnm-glib-aux/nm-str-buf.h"
@ -6195,3 +6196,257 @@ nm_utils_ensure_gtypes(void)
    for (meta_type = 0; meta_type < _NM_META_SETTING_TYPE_NUM; meta_type++)
        nm_meta_setting_infos[meta_type].get_setting_gtype();
 }
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    GPid       pid;
+    GSource   *child_watch_source;
+    GMainLoop *loop;
+    GError    *error;
+
+    int child_stdout;
+    int child_stderr;
+
+    GSource *output_source;
+    GSource *error_source;
+
+    NMStrBuf output_buffer;
+    NMStrBuf error_buffer;
+} HelperInfo;
+
+static void
+helper_complete(HelperInfo *info, GError *error_take)
+{
+    if (error_take) {
+        if (!info->error)
+            info->error = error_take;
+        else
+            g_error_free(error_take);
+    }
+
+    if (info->output_source || info->error_source || info->pid != -1) {
+        /* Wait that the pipe is closed and process has terminated */
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (info->error && info->error_buffer.len > 0) {
+        /* Prefer the message from stderr as it's more informative */
+        g_error_free(info->error);
+        info->error = g_error_new(NM_CONNECTION_ERROR,
+                                  NM_CONNECTION_ERROR_FAILED,
+                                  "%s",
+                                  nm_str_buf_get_str(&info->error_buffer));
+    }
+
+    g_main_loop_quit(info->loop);
+}
+
+static gboolean
+helper_have_err_data(int fd, GIOCondition condition, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    HelperInfo *info = user_data;
+    gssize      n_read;
+    GError     *error = NULL;
+
+    n_read = nm_utils_fd_read(fd, &info->error_buffer);
+
+    if (n_read > 0)
+        return G_SOURCE_CONTINUE;
+
+    nm_clear_g_source_inst(&info->error_source);
+    nm_clear_fd(&info->child_stderr);
+
+    if (n_read < 0) {
+        error = g_error_new(NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                            NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                            "read from process returned %d (%s)",
+                            (int) -n_read,
+                            nm_strerror_native((int) -n_read));
+    }
+
+    helper_complete(info, error);
+    return G_SOURCE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static gboolean
+helper_have_data(int fd, GIOCondition condition, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    HelperInfo *info = user_data;
+    gssize      n_read;
+    GError     *error = NULL;
+
+    n_read = nm_utils_fd_read(fd, &info->output_buffer);
+
+    if (n_read > 0)
+        return G_SOURCE_CONTINUE;
+
+    nm_clear_g_source_inst(&info->output_source);
+    nm_clear_fd(&info->child_stdout);
+
+    if (n_read < 0) {
+        error = g_error_new(NM_UTILS_ERROR,
+                            NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN,
+                            "read from process returned %d (%s)",
+                            (int) -n_read,
+                            nm_strerror_native((int) -n_read));
+    }
+
+    helper_complete(info, error);
+    return G_SOURCE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+helper_child_terminated(GPid pid, int status, gpointer user_data)
+{
+    HelperInfo   *info        = user_data;
+    gs_free char *status_desc = NULL;
+    GError       *error       = NULL;
+
+    info->pid = -1;
+    nm_clear_g_source_inst(&info->child_watch_source);
+
+    if (!WIFEXITED(status) || WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0) {
+        if (!status_desc)
+            status_desc = nm_utils_get_process_exit_status_desc(status);
+        error =
+            g_error_new(NM_UTILS_ERROR, NM_UTILS_ERROR_UNKNOWN, "helper process %s", status_desc);
+    }
+
+    helper_complete(info, error);
+}
+
+#define RUN_CERT_DIR NMRUNDIR "/cert"
+
+/**
+ * nm_utils_copy_cert_as_user:
+ * @filename: the file name of the certificate or key to copy
+ * @user: the user to impersonate when reading the file
+ * @error: (nullable): return location for a #GError, or %NULL
+ *
+ * Reads @filename on behalf of user @user and writes the
+ * content to a new file in /run/NetworkManager/cert/.
+ * The new file has permission 600 and is owned by root.
+ *
+ * This function is useful for VPN plugins that run as root and need
+ * to verify that the user owning the connection (the one listed in the
+ * connection.permissions property) can access the file.
+ *
+ * Returns: (transfer full): the name of the new temporary file. Or %NULL
+ *   if an error occurred, including when the given user can't access the
+ *   file.
+ *
+ * Since: 1.56, 1.54.3
+ */
+char *
+nm_utils_copy_cert_as_user(const char *filename, const char *user, GError **error)
+{
+    gs_unref_bytes GBytes *bytes      = NULL;
+    char                   dst_path[] = RUN_CERT_DIR "/XXXXXX";
+    HelperInfo             info       = {
+                          .child_stdout = -1,
+                          .child_stderr = -1,
+    };
+    GMainContext *context;
+    int           fd = -1;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(filename, NULL);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(user, NULL);
+    g_return_val_if_fail(!error || !*error, NULL);
+
+    if (geteuid() != 0) {
+        g_set_error_literal(error,
+                            NM_CONNECTION_ERROR,
+                            NM_CONNECTION_ERROR_INVALID_PROPERTY,
+                            _("This function needs to be called by root"));
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!g_spawn_async_with_pipes(
+            "/",
+            (char **)
+                NM_MAKE_STRV(LIBEXECDIR "/nm-libnm-helper", "read-file-as-user", filename, user),
+            (char **) NM_MAKE_STRV(),
+            G_SPAWN_CLOEXEC_PIPES | G_SPAWN_DO_NOT_REAP_CHILD,
+            NULL,
+            NULL,
+            &info.pid,
+            NULL,
+            &info.child_stdout,
+            &info.child_stderr,
+            error)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    context   = g_main_context_new();
+    info.loop = g_main_loop_new(context, FALSE);
+
+    /* Watch process */
+    info.child_watch_source = nm_g_child_watch_source_new(info.pid,
+                                                          G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
+                                                          helper_child_terminated,
+                                                          &info,
+                                                          NULL);
+    g_source_attach(info.child_watch_source, context);
+
+    /* Watch stdout */
+    info.output_buffer = NM_STR_BUF_INIT(0, FALSE);
+    info.output_source = nm_g_unix_fd_source_new(info.child_stdout,
+                                                 G_IO_IN | G_IO_ERR | G_IO_HUP,
+                                                 G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
+                                                 helper_have_data,
+                                                 &info,
+                                                 NULL);
+    g_source_attach(info.output_source, context);
+
+    /* Watch stderr */
+    info.error_buffer = NM_STR_BUF_INIT(0, FALSE);
+    info.error_source = nm_g_unix_fd_source_new(info.child_stderr,
+                                                G_IO_IN | G_IO_ERR | G_IO_HUP,
+                                                G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
+                                                helper_have_err_data,
+                                                &info,
+                                                NULL);
+    g_source_attach(info.error_source, context);
+
+    /* Wait termination */
+    g_main_loop_run(info.loop);
+    g_clear_pointer(&info.loop, g_main_loop_unref);
+    g_clear_pointer(&context, g_main_context_unref);
+
+    if (info.error) {
+        nm_str_buf_destroy(&info.output_buffer);
+        nm_str_buf_destroy(&info.error_buffer);
+        g_propagate_error(error, g_steal_pointer(&info.error));
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* Write the data to a new file */
+
+    bytes = g_bytes_new(nm_str_buf_get_str_unsafe(&info.output_buffer), info.output_buffer.len);
+    nm_str_buf_destroy(&info.output_buffer);
+    nm_str_buf_destroy(&info.error_buffer);
+
+    mkdir(RUN_CERT_DIR, 0600);
+    fd = mkstemp(dst_path);
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        g_set_error_literal(error,
+                            NM_CONNECTION_ERROR,
+                            NM_CONNECTION_ERROR_INVALID_PROPERTY,
+                            _("Failure creating the temporary file"));
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    nm_close(fd);
+
+    if (!nm_utils_file_set_contents(dst_path,
+                                    g_bytes_get_data(bytes, NULL),
+                                    g_bytes_get_size(bytes),
+                                    0600,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    NULL,
+                                    error)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return g_strdup(dst_path);
+}
--- a/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-vpn-plugin-info.c
+++ b/src/libnm-core-impl/nm-vpn-plugin-info.c
@ -913,6 +913,29 @@ nm_vpn_plugin_info_supports_multiple(NMVpnPluginInfo *self)
    return _nm_utils_ascii_str_to_bool(s, FALSE);
 }

+/**
+ * nm_vpn_plugin_info_supports_safe_private_file_access:
+ * @self: plugin info instance
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if the service supports reading files (certificates, keys) of
+ *     private connections in a safe way (i.e. checking user permissions), or
+       if the service doesn't need to read any file from disk.
+ *
+ * Since: 1.56, 1.54.3
+ */
+gboolean
+nm_vpn_plugin_info_supports_safe_private_file_access(NMVpnPluginInfo *self)
+{
+    const char *s;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(NM_IS_VPN_PLUGIN_INFO(self), FALSE);
+
+    s = nm_vpn_plugin_info_lookup_property(self,
+                                           NM_VPN_PLUGIN_INFO_KF_GROUP_CONNECTION,
+                                           "supports-safe-private-file-access");
+    return _nm_utils_ascii_str_to_bool(s, FALSE);
+}
+
 /**
 * nm_vpn_plugin_info_get_aliases:
 * @self: plugin info instance
--- a/src/libnm-core-impl/tests/test-setting.c
+++ b/src/libnm-core-impl/tests/test-setting.c
@ -5522,6 +5522,223 @@ test_bond_meta(void)

 /*****************************************************************************/

+static void
+check_wg_setting_str(NMSetting  *s_wg,
+                     const char *exp_all,
+                     const char *exp_nonsec,
+                     const char *exp_sec)
+{
+    gs_unref_variant GVariant *dict_all    = NULL;
+    gs_unref_variant GVariant *dict_nonsec = NULL;
+    gs_unref_variant GVariant *dict_sec    = NULL;
+    gs_free char              *str_all     = NULL;
+    gs_free char              *str_nonsec  = NULL;
+    gs_free char              *str_sec     = NULL;
+
+    dict_all    = _nm_setting_to_dbus(s_wg, NULL, NM_CONNECTION_SERIALIZE_ALL, NULL);
+    dict_nonsec = _nm_setting_to_dbus(s_wg, NULL, NM_CONNECTION_SERIALIZE_WITH_NON_SECRET, NULL);
+    dict_sec    = _nm_setting_to_dbus(s_wg, NULL, NM_CONNECTION_SERIALIZE_ONLY_SECRETS, NULL);
+
+    str_all    = g_variant_print(dict_all, TRUE);
+    str_nonsec = g_variant_print(dict_nonsec, TRUE);
+    str_sec    = g_variant_print(dict_sec, TRUE);
+
+    g_assert_cmpstr(exp_all, ==, str_all);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(exp_nonsec, ==, str_nonsec);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(exp_sec, ==, str_sec);
+}
+
+static void
+test_wireguard_to_dbus(void)
+{
+    gs_unref_object NMSetting            *s_wg              = NULL;
+    nm_auto_unref_wgpeer NMWireGuardPeer *peer1             = NULL;
+    nm_auto_unref_wgpeer NMWireGuardPeer *peer2             = NULL;
+    gs_unref_variant GVariant            *dict_all          = NULL;
+    gs_unref_variant GVariant            *dict_non_secret   = NULL;
+    gs_unref_variant GVariant            *dict_only_secrets = NULL;
+    gs_free char                         *dict_str          = NULL;
+    const char *test_private_key   = "cFoJbK9bSrYrQrjFQGgqsWTO4IUIX0+rsaqNeCw2IWM=";
+    const char *test_public_key1   = "OMhgSum5+NamArI/LTp1mCZQD+CbzZxtOuvDC/RaGWU=";
+    const char *test_public_key2   = "2S7mA0vEMethVGG0qBm4T5EXbcQ2WYHOuP14Seb7jEM=";
+    const char *test_preshared_key = "yFGq76ej4lNI0pLLu36L0DgJMxWs4HmH5qNDNOt8AmM=";
+
+    /* Test case 1: Minimal WireGuard setting without peers or private key */
+    s_wg = nm_setting_wireguard_new();
+    g_object_set(s_wg,
+                 NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD_LISTEN_PORT,
+                 51820U,
+                 NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD_FWMARK,
+                 42U,
+                 NULL);
+
+    check_wg_setting_str(s_wg,
+                         /* clang-format off */
+                         /* all */
+                         "{'fwmark': <uint32 42>, 'listen-port': <uint32 51820>}",
+                         /* non secrets */
+                         "{'fwmark': <uint32 42>, 'listen-port': <uint32 51820>}",
+                         /* secrets */
+                         "@a{sv} {}"
+                         /* clang-format on */
+    );
+    g_clear_object(&s_wg);
+
+    /* Test case 2: WireGuard setting with private key, no peers */
+    s_wg = nm_setting_wireguard_new();
+    g_object_set(s_wg,
+                 NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY,
+                 test_private_key,
+                 NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY_FLAGS,
+                 NM_SETTING_SECRET_FLAG_NONE,
+                 NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD_LISTEN_PORT,
+                 51820U,
+                 NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD_FWMARK,
+                 42U,
+                 NULL);
+
+    check_wg_setting_str(s_wg,
+                         /* clang-format off */
+                         /* all */
+                         "{"
+                             "'fwmark': <uint32 42>, "
+                             "'listen-port': <uint32 51820>, "
+                             "'private-key': <'cFoJbK9bSrYrQrjFQGgqsWTO4IUIX0+rsaqNeCw2IWM='>"
+                         "}",
+                         /* non secrets */
+                         "{"
+                             "'fwmark': <uint32 42>, "
+                             "'listen-port': <uint32 51820>"
+                         "}",
+                         /* secrets */
+                         "{"
+                             "'private-key': <'cFoJbK9bSrYrQrjFQGgqsWTO4IUIX0+rsaqNeCw2IWM='>"
+                         "}"
+                         /* clang-format on */
+    );
+    g_clear_object(&s_wg);
+
+    /* Test case 3: WireGuard setting with peers (no PSK) */
+    s_wg = nm_setting_wireguard_new();
+    g_object_set(s_wg,
+                 NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY,
+                 test_private_key,
+                 NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY_FLAGS,
+                 NM_SETTING_SECRET_FLAG_NONE,
+                 NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD_LISTEN_PORT,
+                 51820U,
+                 NULL);
+    peer1 = nm_wireguard_peer_new();
+    nm_wireguard_peer_set_public_key(peer1, test_public_key1, FALSE);
+    nm_wireguard_peer_set_endpoint(peer1, "192.168.1.1:51820", FALSE);
+    nm_wireguard_peer_append_allowed_ip(peer1, "10.0.0.0/8", FALSE);
+    nm_setting_wireguard_append_peer(NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD(s_wg), peer1);
+
+    check_wg_setting_str(s_wg,
+                         /* clang-format off */
+                         /* all */
+                         "{"
+                             "'listen-port': <uint32 51820>, "
+                             "'peers': <[{"
+                                 "'public-key': <'OMhgSum5+NamArI/LTp1mCZQD+CbzZxtOuvDC/RaGWU='>, "
+                                 "'endpoint': <'192.168.1.1:51820'>, "
+                                 "'allowed-ips': <['10.0.0.0/8']>"
+                             "}]>, "
+                             "'private-key': <'cFoJbK9bSrYrQrjFQGgqsWTO4IUIX0+rsaqNeCw2IWM='>"
+                         "}",
+                         /* non secrets */
+                         "{"
+                             "'listen-port': <uint32 51820>, "
+                             "'peers': <[{"
+                                 "'public-key': <'OMhgSum5+NamArI/LTp1mCZQD+CbzZxtOuvDC/RaGWU='>, "
+                                 "'endpoint': <'192.168.1.1:51820'>, "
+                                 "'allowed-ips': <['10.0.0.0/8']>"
+                             "}]>"
+                         "}",
+                         /* secrets */
+                         "{"
+                             "'private-key': <'cFoJbK9bSrYrQrjFQGgqsWTO4IUIX0+rsaqNeCw2IWM='>"
+                         "}"
+                         /* clang-format on */
+    );
+    g_clear_object(&s_wg);
+    nm_clear_pointer(&peer1, nm_wireguard_peer_unref);
+
+    /* Test case 4: WireGuard setting with peers, one has PSK */
+    s_wg = nm_setting_wireguard_new();
+    g_object_set(s_wg,
+                 NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY,
+                 test_private_key,
+                 NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY_FLAGS,
+                 NM_SETTING_SECRET_FLAG_NONE,
+                 NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD_LISTEN_PORT,
+                 51820U,
+                 NULL);
+
+    /* Peer without PSK */
+    peer1 = nm_wireguard_peer_new();
+    nm_wireguard_peer_set_public_key(peer1, test_public_key1, FALSE);
+    nm_wireguard_peer_set_endpoint(peer1, "192.168.1.1:51820", FALSE);
+    nm_wireguard_peer_append_allowed_ip(peer1, "10.0.0.0/8", FALSE);
+    nm_setting_wireguard_append_peer(NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD(s_wg), peer1);
+
+    /* Peer with PSK */
+    peer2 = nm_wireguard_peer_new();
+    nm_wireguard_peer_set_public_key(peer2, test_public_key2, FALSE);
+    nm_wireguard_peer_set_endpoint(peer2, "192.168.2.1:51820", FALSE);
+    nm_wireguard_peer_append_allowed_ip(peer2, "172.16.0.0/12", FALSE);
+    nm_wireguard_peer_set_preshared_key(peer2, test_preshared_key, FALSE);
+    nm_wireguard_peer_set_preshared_key_flags(peer2, NM_SETTING_SECRET_FLAG_NONE);
+    nm_setting_wireguard_append_peer(NM_SETTING_WIREGUARD(s_wg), peer2);
+
+    check_wg_setting_str(s_wg,
+                         /* clang-format off */
+                         /* all */
+                         "{"
+                             "'listen-port': <uint32 51820>, "
+                             "'peers': <[{"
+                                 "'public-key': <'OMhgSum5+NamArI/LTp1mCZQD+CbzZxtOuvDC/RaGWU='>, "
+                                 "'endpoint': <'192.168.1.1:51820'>, "
+                                 "'allowed-ips': <['10.0.0.0/8']>"
+                             "}, {"
+                                 "'public-key': <'2S7mA0vEMethVGG0qBm4T5EXbcQ2WYHOuP14Seb7jEM='>, "
+                                 "'endpoint': <'192.168.2.1:51820'>, "
+                                 "'preshared-key': <'yFGq76ej4lNI0pLLu36L0DgJMxWs4HmH5qNDNOt8AmM='>, "
+                                 "'preshared-key-flags': <uint32 0>, "
+                                 "'allowed-ips': <['172.16.0.0/12']>"
+                             "}]>, "
+                             "'private-key': <'cFoJbK9bSrYrQrjFQGgqsWTO4IUIX0+rsaqNeCw2IWM='>"
+                         "}",
+                         /* non secrets */
+                         "{"
+                             "'listen-port': <uint32 51820>, "
+                             "'peers': <[{"
+                                 "'public-key': <'OMhgSum5+NamArI/LTp1mCZQD+CbzZxtOuvDC/RaGWU='>, "
+                                 "'endpoint': <'192.168.1.1:51820'>, "
+                                 "'allowed-ips': <['10.0.0.0/8']>"
+                             "}, {"
+                                 "'public-key': <'2S7mA0vEMethVGG0qBm4T5EXbcQ2WYHOuP14Seb7jEM='>, "
+                                 "'endpoint': <'192.168.2.1:51820'>, "
+                                 "'preshared-key-flags': <uint32 0>, "
+                                 "'allowed-ips': <['172.16.0.0/12']>"
+                             "}]>"
+                         "}",
+                         /* secrets */
+                         "{"
+                             "'peers': <[{"
+                                 "'public-key': <'2S7mA0vEMethVGG0qBm4T5EXbcQ2WYHOuP14Seb7jEM='>, "
+                                 "'preshared-key': <'yFGq76ej4lNI0pLLu36L0DgJMxWs4HmH5qNDNOt8AmM='>"
+                             "}]>, "
+                         "'private-key': <'cFoJbK9bSrYrQrjFQGgqsWTO4IUIX0+rsaqNeCw2IWM='>}"
+                         /* clang-format on */
+    );
+    g_clear_object(&s_wg);
+    nm_clear_pointer(&peer1, nm_wireguard_peer_unref);
+    nm_clear_pointer(&peer2, nm_wireguard_peer_unref);
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
 NMTST_DEFINE();

 int
@ -5649,5 +5866,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)

    g_test_add_func("/libnm/test_bond_meta", test_bond_meta);

+    g_test_add_func("/libnm/test_wireguard_to_dbus", test_wireguard_to_dbus);
+
    return g_test_run();
 }
--- a/src/libnm-core-intern/nm-core-internal.h
+++ b/src/libnm-core-intern/nm-core-internal.h
@ -1187,4 +1187,11 @@ gboolean nm_connection_need_secrets_for_rerequest(NMConnection *connection);

 const GPtrArray *_nm_setting_ovs_port_get_trunks_arr(NMSettingOvsPort *self);

+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+guint       _nm_setting_connection_get_num_permissions_users(NMSettingConnection *setting);
+const char *_nm_setting_connection_get_first_permissions_user(NMSettingConnection *setting);
+
+void _nm_setting_get_private_files(NMSetting *setting, GPtrArray *files);
+
 #endif
--- a/src/libnm-core-public/nm-dbus-interface.h
+++ b/src/libnm-core-public/nm-dbus-interface.h
@ -145,8 +145,10 @@ typedef enum {
 *    and not disable controls that require network access.
 *    The graphical shells may hide the network accessibility indicator altogether
 *    since no meaningful status indication can be provided.
- * @NM_STATE_ASLEEP: Networking is not enabled, the system is being suspended or
- *    resumed from suspend.
+ * @NM_STATE_ASLEEP: Deprecated: 1.56: Use %NM_STATE_DISABLED instead.
+ * @NM_STATE_DISABLED: NetworkManager is disabled, either because the user requested
+ *    to disable networking or because the system is suspended or resuming from suspend.
+ *    Since: 1.56.
 * @NM_STATE_DISCONNECTED: There is no active network connection.
 *    The graphical shell should indicate  no network connectivity and the
 *    applications should not attempt to access the network.
@ -170,7 +172,8 @@ typedef enum {
 **/
 typedef enum {
    NM_STATE_UNKNOWN          = 0,
-    NM_STATE_ASLEEP           = 10,
+    NM_STATE_ASLEEP           = 10, /* Deprecated */
+    NM_STATE_DISABLED         = 10,
    NM_STATE_DISCONNECTED     = 20,
    NM_STATE_DISCONNECTING    = 30,
    NM_STATE_CONNECTING       = 40,
@ -632,8 +635,10 @@ typedef enum {
 *   not initialized by udev. Since: 1.48
 * @NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_QUITTING: The device is unmanaged because NetworkManager is
 *   quitting. Since: 1.48
- * @NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING: The device is unmanaged because networking is
- *   disabled or the system is suspended. Since: 1.48
+ * @NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING: Since: 1.48. Deprecated: 1.56: Use
+ *   %NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED instead.
+ * @NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED: The device is unmanaged because networking is
+ *   disabled or the system is suspended. Since: 1.56
 * @NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_USER_CONF: The device is unmanaged by user decision in
 *   NetworkManager.conf ('unmanaged' in a [device*] section). Since: 1.48
 * @NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_USER_EXPLICIT: The device is unmanaged by explicit user
@ -642,7 +647,7 @@ typedef enum {
 *   via settings plugin ('unmanaged-devices' for keyfile or 'NM_CONTROLLED=no' for ifcfg-rh).
 *   Since: 1.48
 * @NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_USER_UDEV: The device is unmanaged via udev rule. Since: 1.48
-
+ * @NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_NETWORKING_OFF: NetworkManager was disabled (networking off). Since: 1.56
 *
 * Device state change reason codes
 */
@ -720,11 +725,13 @@ typedef enum {
    NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_EXTERNAL_DOWN        = 70,
    NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_LINK_NOT_INIT        = 71,
    NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_QUITTING             = 72,
-    NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING             = 73,
+    NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING             = 73, /* Deprecated */
+    NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED     = 73,
    NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_USER_CONF            = 74,
    NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_USER_EXPLICIT        = 75,
    NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_USER_SETTINGS        = 76,
    NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_USER_UDEV            = 77,
+    NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_NETWORKING_OFF                 = 78,
 } NMDeviceStateReason;

 /**
--- a/src/libnm-core-public/nm-setting-hsr.h
+++ b/src/libnm-core-public/nm-setting-hsr.h
@ -27,6 +27,24 @@ G_BEGIN_DECLS
 #define NM_SETTING_HSR_PORT2            "port2"
 #define NM_SETTING_HSR_MULTICAST_SPEC   "multicast-spec"
 #define NM_SETTING_HSR_PRP              "prp"
+#define NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION "protocol-version"
+#define NM_SETTING_HSR_INTERLINK        "interlink"
+
+/**
+ * NMSettingHsrProtocolVersion:
+ * @NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_DEFAULT: Default version for the protocol
+ * @NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_HSR_2010: HSRv0, IEC 62439-3:2010
+ * @NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_HSR_2012: HSRv1, IEC 62439-3:2012
+ *
+ * #NMSettingHsrProtocolVersion values indicate the HSR protocol version.
+ *
+ * Since: 1.56, 1.54.2
+ */
+typedef enum {
+    NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_DEFAULT  = -1,
+    NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_HSR_2010 = 0,
+    NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION_HSR_2012 = 1,
+} NMSettingHsrProtocolVersion;

 typedef struct _NMSettingHsrClass NMSettingHsrClass;

@ -43,6 +61,10 @@ NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_46
 guint32 nm_setting_hsr_get_multicast_spec(NMSettingHsr *setting);
 NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_46
 gboolean nm_setting_hsr_get_prp(NMSettingHsr *setting);
+NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_54_2
+NMSettingHsrProtocolVersion nm_setting_hsr_get_protocol_version(NMSettingHsr *setting);
+NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_54_2
+const char *nm_setting_hsr_get_interlink(NMSettingHsr *setting);

 G_END_DECLS

--- a/src/libnm-core-public/nm-utils.h
+++ b/src/libnm-core-public/nm-utils.h
@ -261,6 +261,9 @@ nm_utils_base64secret_decode(const char *base64_key, gsize required_key_len, gui
 NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_42
 void nm_utils_ensure_gtypes(void);

+NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_54_3
+char *nm_utils_copy_cert_as_user(const char *filename, const char *user, GError **error);
+
 G_END_DECLS

 #endif /* __NM_UTILS_H__ */
--- a/src/libnm-core-public/nm-version-macros.h.in
+++ b/src/libnm-core-public/nm-version-macros.h.in
@ -78,6 +78,8 @@
 #define NM_VERSION_1_50   (NM_ENCODE_VERSION(1, 50, 0))
 #define NM_VERSION_1_52   (NM_ENCODE_VERSION(1, 52, 0))
 #define NM_VERSION_1_54   (NM_ENCODE_VERSION(1, 54, 0))
+#define NM_VERSION_1_54_2 (NM_ENCODE_VERSION(1, 54, 2))
+#define NM_VERSION_1_54_3 (NM_ENCODE_VERSION(1, 54, 3))

 /* For releases, NM_API_VERSION is equal to NM_VERSION.
 *
@ -89,7 +91,7 @@
 #define NM_API_VERSION                                                  \
    (((NM_MINOR_VERSION % 2) == 1)                                      \
         ? NM_ENCODE_VERSION(NM_MAJOR_VERSION, NM_MINOR_VERSION + 1, 0) \
-        : NM_ENCODE_VERSION (NM_MAJOR_VERSION, NM_MINOR_VERSION    , ((NM_MICRO_VERSION + 1) / 2) * 2))
+         : NM_ENCODE_VERSION(NM_MAJOR_VERSION, NM_MINOR_VERSION, NM_MICRO_VERSION + 1))

 /* deprecated. */
 #define NM_VERSION_CUR_STABLE NM_API_VERSION
--- a/src/libnm-core-public/nm-version.h
+++ b/src/libnm-core-public/nm-version.h
@ -439,6 +439,18 @@
 #define NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_54
 #endif

+#if NM_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED < NM_VERSION_1_54_2
+#define NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_54_2 G_UNAVAILABLE(1, 54.2)
+#else
+#define NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_54_2
+#endif
+
+#if NM_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED < NM_VERSION_1_54_3
+#define NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_54_3 G_UNAVAILABLE(1, 54.3)
+#else
+#define NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_54_3
+#endif
+
 /*
 * Synchronous API for calling D-Bus in libnm is deprecated. See
 * https://networkmanager.dev/docs/libnm/latest/usage.html#sync-api
--- a/src/libnm-core-public/nm-vpn-plugin-info.h
+++ b/src/libnm-core-public/nm-vpn-plugin-info.h
@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_4
 gboolean nm_vpn_plugin_info_supports_hints(NMVpnPluginInfo *self);
 NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_42
 gboolean nm_vpn_plugin_info_supports_multiple(NMVpnPluginInfo *self);
+NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_54_3
+gboolean nm_vpn_plugin_info_supports_safe_private_file_access(NMVpnPluginInfo *self);
 NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_4
 const char *const *nm_vpn_plugin_info_get_aliases(NMVpnPluginInfo *self);
 NM_AVAILABLE_IN_1_2
--- a/src/libnm-platform/nm-linux-platform.c
+++ b/src/libnm-platform/nm-linux-platform.c
@ -253,7 +253,8 @@ G_STATIC_ASSERT(RTA_MAX == (__RTA_MAX - 1));
 #define IFLA_HSR_SEQ_NR           5
 #define IFLA_HSR_VERSION          6
 #define IFLA_HSR_PROTOCOL         7
-#define __IFLA_HSR_MAX            8
+#define IFLA_HSR_INTERLINK        8
+#define __IFLA_HSR_MAX            9

 /*****************************************************************************/

@ -5196,6 +5197,15 @@ _nl_msg_new_link_set_linkinfo(struct nl_msg *msg, NMLinkType link_type, gconstpo
            NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_HSR_MULTICAST_SPEC, props->multicast_spec);

        NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_HSR_PROTOCOL, props->prp);
+
+        if (!props->prp && props->protocol_version >= 0) {
+            NLA_PUT_U8(msg, IFLA_HSR_VERSION, props->protocol_version);
+        }
+
+        if (props->interlink > 0) {
+            NLA_PUT_U32(msg, IFLA_HSR_INTERLINK, props->interlink);
+        }
+
        break;
    }
    case NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT:
--- a/src/libnm-platform/nm-platform.c
+++ b/src/libnm-platform/nm-platform.c
@ -6560,6 +6560,8 @@ nm_platform_lnk_gre_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkGre *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
 const char *
 nm_platform_lnk_hsr_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkHsr *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
 {
+    char interlink_buf[30];
+
    if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null(lnk, &buf, &len))
        return buf;

@ -6569,12 +6571,17 @@ nm_platform_lnk_hsr_to_string(const NMPlatformLnkHsr *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
               "port1 %d "
               "port2 %d "
               "supervision_address " NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_STR " multicast_spec %u "
-               "prp %s",
+               "prp %s "
+               "protocol_version %d"
+               "%s", /* interlink */
               lnk->port1,
               lnk->port2,
               NM_ETHER_ADDR_FORMAT_VAL(&lnk->supervision_address),
               lnk->multicast_spec,
-               lnk->prp ? "on" : "off");
+               lnk->prp ? "on" : "off",
+               lnk->protocol_version,
+               lnk->interlink ? nm_sprintf_buf(interlink_buf, " interlink %d", lnk->interlink)
+                              : "");
    return buf;
 }

@ -8488,7 +8495,9 @@ nm_platform_lnk_hsr_hash_update(const NMPlatformLnkHsr *obj, NMHashState *h)
                        obj->port2,
                        obj->supervision_address,
                        obj->multicast_spec,
-                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->prp));
+                        NM_HASH_COMBINE_BOOLS(guint8, obj->prp),
+                        obj->protocol_version,
+                        obj->interlink);
 }

 int
@ -8500,6 +8509,8 @@ nm_platform_lnk_hsr_cmp(const NMPlatformLnkHsr *a, const NMPlatformLnkHsr *b)
    NM_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, supervision_address);
    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, multicast_spec);
    NM_CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, prp);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, protocol_version);
+    NM_CMP_FIELD(a, b, interlink);
    return 0;
 }

--- a/src/libnm-platform/nm-platform.h
+++ b/src/libnm-platform/nm-platform.h
@ -845,7 +845,9 @@ typedef struct {
 typedef struct {
    int         port1;
    int         port2;
+    int         interlink;
    NMEtherAddr supervision_address;
+    gint8       protocol_version;
    guint8      multicast_spec;
    bool        prp : 1;
 } _nm_alignas(NMPlatformObject) NMPlatformLnkHsr;
--- a/src/libnm-std-aux/nm-std-utils.c
+++ b/src/libnm-std-aux/nm-std-utils.c
@ -4,10 +4,14 @@

 #include "nm-std-utils.h"

-#include <stdint.h>
 #include <assert.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <grp.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
+#include <pwd.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>

 /*****************************************************************************/

@ -95,6 +99,114 @@ out_huge:

 /*****************************************************************************/

+bool
+nm_utils_set_effective_user(const char *user, char *errbuf, size_t errbuf_len)
+{
+    struct passwd *pwentry;
+    int            errsv;
+    char           error[1024];
+
+    errno   = 0;
+    pwentry = getpwnam(user);
+    if (!pwentry) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        if (errsv == 0) {
+            snprintf(errbuf, errbuf_len, "user not found");
+        } else {
+            snprintf(errbuf,
+                     errbuf_len,
+                     "error getting user entry: %d (%s)\n",
+                     errsv,
+                     _nm_strerror_r(errsv, error, sizeof(error)));
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (setgid(pwentry->pw_gid) != 0) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        snprintf(errbuf,
+                 errbuf_len,
+                 "failed to change group to %u: %d (%s)\n",
+                 pwentry->pw_gid,
+                 errsv,
+                 _nm_strerror_r(errsv, error, sizeof(error)));
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (initgroups(user, pwentry->pw_gid) != 0) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        snprintf(errbuf,
+                 errbuf_len,
+                 "failed to reset supplementary group list to %u: %d (%s)\n",
+                 pwentry->pw_gid,
+                 errsv,
+                 _nm_strerror_r(errsv, error, sizeof(error)));
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (setuid(pwentry->pw_uid) != 0) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        snprintf(errbuf,
+                 errbuf_len,
+                 "failed to change user to %u: %d (%s)\n",
+                 pwentry->pw_uid,
+                 errsv,
+                 _nm_strerror_r(errsv, error, sizeof(error)));
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+bool
+nm_utils_read_file_to_stdout(const char *filename, char *errbuf, size_t errbuf_len)
+{
+    nm_auto_close int fd = -1;
+    char              buffer[4096];
+    char              error[1024];
+    ssize_t           bytes_read;
+    int               errsv;
+
+    fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        snprintf(errbuf,
+                 errbuf_len,
+                 "error opening the file: %d (%s)",
+                 errsv,
+                 _nm_strerror_r(errsv, error, sizeof(error)));
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    while ((bytes_read = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
+        if (fwrite(buffer, 1, bytes_read, stdout) != (size_t) bytes_read) {
+            errsv = errno;
+            snprintf(errbuf,
+                     errbuf_len,
+                     "error writing to stdout: %d (%s)",
+                     errsv,
+                     _nm_strerror_r(errsv, error, sizeof(error)));
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (bytes_read < 0) {
+        errsv = errno;
+        snprintf(errbuf,
+                 errbuf_len,
+                 "error reading the file: %d (%s)",
+                 errsv,
+                 _nm_strerror_r(errsv, error, sizeof(error)));
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
 /**
 * _nm_strerror_r:
 * @errsv: the errno passed to strerror_r()
--- a/src/libnm-std-aux/nm-std-utils.h
+++ b/src/libnm-std-aux/nm-std-utils.h
@ -37,4 +37,8 @@ size_t nm_utils_get_next_realloc_size(bool true_realloc, size_t requested);

 const char *_nm_strerror_r(int errsv, char *buf, size_t buf_size);

+bool nm_utils_set_effective_user(const char *user, char *errbuf, size_t errbuf_size);
+
+bool nm_utils_read_file_to_stdout(const char *filename, char *errbuf, size_t errbuf_len);
+
 #endif /* __NM_STD_UTILS_H__ */
--- a/src/libnmc-base/nm-client-utils.c
+++ b/src/libnmc-base/nm-client-utils.c
@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_DEFINE(
                         N_("The Wi-Fi P2P peer could not be found")),
    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_DEVICE_HANDLER_FAILED,
                         N_("The device handler dispatcher returned an error")),
-    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_SLEEPING,
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_MANAGER_DISABLED,
                         N_("The device is unmanaged because networking is disabled "
                            "or the system is suspended")),
    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_QUITTING,
@ -492,6 +492,7 @@ NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_DEFINE(
    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_UNMANAGED_EXTERNAL_DOWN,
                         N_("The device is unmanaged because it is an external device and is "
                            "unconfigured (down or without addresses)")),
+    NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NM_DEVICE_STATE_REASON_NETWORKING_OFF, N_("Networking was disabled")),

 );

--- a/src/libnmc-setting/nm-meta-setting-desc.c
+++ b/src/libnmc-setting/nm-meta-setting-desc.c
@ -6198,6 +6198,12 @@ static const NMMetaPropertyInfo *const property_infos_HSR[] = {
    PROPERTY_INFO_WITH_DESC (NM_SETTING_HSR_PRP,
        .property_type =                &_pt_gobject_bool,
    ),
+    PROPERTY_INFO_WITH_DESC (NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+        .property_type =                &_pt_gobject_enum,
+    ),
+    PROPERTY_INFO_WITH_DESC (NM_SETTING_HSR_INTERLINK,
+        .property_type =                &_pt_gobject_string,
+    ),
    NULL
 };

--- a/src/libnmc-setting/nm-meta-setting-desc.h
+++ b/src/libnmc-setting/nm-meta-setting-desc.h
@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ typedef enum {
    NM_META_COLOR_PERMISSION_UNKNOWN,
    NM_META_COLOR_PERMISSION_YES,
    NM_META_COLOR_PROMPT,
-    NM_META_COLOR_STATE_ASLEEP,
+    NM_META_COLOR_STATE_DISABLED,
+    NM_META_COLOR_STATE_ASLEEP = NM_META_COLOR_STATE_DISABLED, /* Deprecated */
    NM_META_COLOR_STATE_CONNECTED_GLOBAL,
    NM_META_COLOR_STATE_CONNECTED_LOCAL,
    NM_META_COLOR_STATE_CONNECTED_SITE,
--- a/src/libnmc-setting/settings-docs.h.in
+++ b/src/libnmc-setting/settings-docs.h.in
@ -171,9 +171,11 @@
 #define DESCRIBE_DOC_NM_SETTING_GSM_SIM_ID N_("The SIM card unique identifier (as given by the WWAN management service) which this connection applies to.  If given, the connection will apply to any device also allowed by \"device-id\" which contains a SIM card matching the given identifier.")
 #define DESCRIBE_DOC_NM_SETTING_GSM_SIM_OPERATOR_ID N_("A MCC/MNC string like \"310260\" or \"21601\" identifying the specific mobile network operator which this connection applies to.  If given, the connection will apply to any device also allowed by \"device-id\" and \"sim-id\" which contains a SIM card provisioned by the given operator.")
 #define DESCRIBE_DOC_NM_SETTING_GSM_USERNAME N_("The username used to authenticate with the network, if required.  Many providers do not require a username, or accept any username.  But if a username is required, it is specified here.")
+#define DESCRIBE_DOC_NM_SETTING_HSR_INTERLINK N_("The optional interlink port name of the HSR interface.")
 #define DESCRIBE_DOC_NM_SETTING_HSR_MULTICAST_SPEC N_("The last byte of supervision address.")
 #define DESCRIBE_DOC_NM_SETTING_HSR_PORT1 N_("The port1 interface name of the HSR. This property is mandatory.")
 #define DESCRIBE_DOC_NM_SETTING_HSR_PORT2 N_("The port2 interface name of the HSR. This property is mandatory.")
+#define DESCRIBE_DOC_NM_SETTING_HSR_PROTOCOL_VERSION N_("Configures the protocol version to be used for the HSR/PRP interface. \"default\" (-1) sets the protocol version to the default version for the protocol. \"hsr-2010\" (0) sets the protocol version to HSRv0 (IEC 62439-3:2010). \"hsr-2012\" (1) sets the protocol version to HSRv1 (IEC 62439-3:2012).")
 #define DESCRIBE_DOC_NM_SETTING_HSR_PRP N_("The protocol used by the interface, whether it is PRP or HSR.")
 #define DESCRIBE_DOC_NM_SETTING_INFINIBAND_MAC_ADDRESS N_("If specified, this connection will only apply to the IPoIB device whose permanent MAC address matches. This property does not change the MAC address of the device (i.e. MAC spoofing).")
 #define DESCRIBE_DOC_NM_SETTING_INFINIBAND_MTU N_("If non-zero, only transmit packets of the specified size or smaller, breaking larger packets up into multiple frames.")
--- a/src/meson.build
+++ b/src/meson.build
@ -103,8 +103,7 @@ if enable_nmtui
 endif
 subdir('nmcli')
 subdir('nm-dispatcher')
-subdir('nm-priv-helper')
-subdir('nm-daemon-helper')
+subdir('nm-helpers')
 subdir('nm-online')
 if enable_nmtui
  subdir('nmtui')
--- a/src/nm-daemon-helper/README.md
+++ b/src/nm-daemon-helper/README.md
@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-nm-daemon-helper
-================
-
-A internal helper application that is spawned by NetworkManager
-to perform certain actions.
-
-Currently all it does is doing a reverse DNS lookup, which
-cannot be done by NetworkManager because the operation requires
-to reconfigure the libc resolver (which is a process-wide operation).
-
-This is not directly useful to the user.
--- a/src/nm-daemon-helper/meson.build
+++ b/src/nm-daemon-helper/meson.build
@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-executable(
-  'nm-daemon-helper',
-  'nm-daemon-helper.c',
-  include_directories : [
-    src_inc,
-    top_inc,
-  ],
-  link_with: [
-    libnm_std_aux,
-  ],
-  link_args: ldflags_linker_script_binary,
-  link_depends: linker_script_binary,
-  install: true,
-  install_dir: nm_libexecdir,
-)
--- a/src/nm-priv-helper/README.md
+++ b/src/nm-priv-helper/README.md
@ -1,5 +1,32 @@
+nm-helpers
+==========
+
+This directory contains stand-alone helper programs used by various
+components.
+
+nm-daemon-helper
+----------------
+
+A internal helper application that is spawned by NetworkManager to
+perform certain actions which can't be done in the daemon. 
+
+Currently it's used to do a reverse DNS lookup after reconfiguring the
+libc resolver (which is a process-wide operation), and to read files
+on behalf of unprivileged users (which requires a seteuid that affects
+all the threads of the process).
+
+This is not directly useful to the user.
+
+nm-libnm-helper
+---------------
+
+A internal helper application that is spawned by libnm to perform
+certain actions without impacting the calling process.
+
+This is not directly useful to the user.
+
 nm-priv-helper
-==============
+--------------

 This is a D-Bus activatable, exit-on-idle service, which
 provides an internal API to NetworkManager daemon.
--- a/src/nm-priv-helper/meson.build
+++ b/src/nm-priv-helper/meson.build
@ -1,5 +1,45 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later

+# nm-daemon-helper
+
+executable(
+  'nm-daemon-helper',
+  'nm-daemon-helper.c',
+  include_directories : [
+    src_inc,
+    top_inc,
+  ],
+  link_with: [
+    libnm_std_aux,
+  ],
+  link_args: ldflags_linker_script_binary,
+  link_depends: linker_script_binary,
+  install: true,
+  install_dir: nm_libexecdir,
+)
+
+# nm-libnm-helper
+
+executable(
+  'nm-libnm-helper',
+  ['nm-libnm-helper.c'],
+  include_directories : [
+    src_inc,
+    top_inc,
+  ],
+  dependencies: [
+    glib_dep,
+  ],
+  link_with: [
+    libnm_glib_aux,
+    libnm_std_aux,
+  ],
+  install: true,
+  install_dir: nm_libexecdir,
+)
+
+# nm-priv-helper
+
 configure_file(
  input: 'org.freedesktop.nm_priv_helper.service.in',
  output: '@BASENAME@',
--- a/src/nm-daemon-helper/nm-daemon-helper.c
+++ b/src/nm-daemon-helper/nm-daemon-helper.c
@ -137,6 +137,37 @@ cmd_resolve_address(void)
    return RETURN_ERROR;
 }

+static int
+cmd_read_file_as_user(void)
+{
+    nm_auto_free char *user     = NULL;
+    nm_auto_free char *filename = NULL;
+    char               error[1024];
+
+    user = read_arg();
+    if (!user)
+        return RETURN_INVALID_ARGS;
+
+    filename = read_arg();
+    if (!filename)
+        return RETURN_INVALID_ARGS;
+
+    if (more_args())
+        return RETURN_INVALID_ARGS;
+
+    if (!nm_utils_set_effective_user(user, error, sizeof(error))) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to set effective user '%s': %s", user, error);
+        return RETURN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (!nm_utils_read_file_to_stdout(filename, error, sizeof(error))) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read file '%s' as user '%s': %s", filename, user, error);
+        return RETURN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return RETURN_SUCCESS;
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
@ -150,6 +181,8 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
        return cmd_version();
    if (nm_streq(cmd, "resolve-address"))
        return cmd_resolve_address();
+    if (nm_streq(cmd, "read-file-as-user"))
+        return cmd_read_file_as_user();

    return RETURN_INVALID_CMD;
 }
--- a/src/nm-helpers/nm-libnm-helper.c
+++ b/src/nm-helpers/nm-libnm-helper.c
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */
+
+#include "libnm-std-aux/nm-default-std.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+enum {
+    RETURN_SUCCESS      = 0,
+    RETURN_INVALID_CMD  = 1,
+    RETURN_INVALID_ARGS = 2,
+    RETURN_ERROR        = 3,
+};
+
+static int
+read_file_as_user(const char *filename, const char *user)
+{
+    char error[1024];
+
+    if (!nm_utils_set_effective_user(user, error, sizeof(error))) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to set effective user '%s': %s", user, error);
+        return RETURN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (!nm_utils_read_file_to_stdout(filename, error, sizeof(error))) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read file '%s' as user '%s': %s", filename, user, error);
+        return RETURN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return RETURN_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    if (argc <= 1)
+        return RETURN_INVALID_CMD;
+
+    if (nm_streq(argv[1], "read-file-as-user")) {
+        if (argc != 4)
+            return RETURN_INVALID_ARGS;
+        return read_file_as_user(argv[2], argv[3]);
+    }
+
+    return RETURN_INVALID_CMD;
+}
--- a/src/nm-priv-helper/nm-priv-helper.c
+++ b/src/nm-priv-helper/nm-priv-helper.c
--- a/src/nm-priv-helper/nm-priv-helper.conf
+++ b/src/nm-priv-helper/nm-priv-helper.conf
--- a/src/nm-priv-helper/org.freedesktop.nm_priv_helper.service.in
+++ b/src/nm-priv-helper/org.freedesktop.nm_priv_helper.service.in
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/nmi-cmdline-reader.c
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/nmi-cmdline-reader.c
@ -1349,6 +1349,67 @@ reader_parse_ethtool(Reader *reader, char *argument)
        _LOGW(LOGD_CORE, "rd.ethtool: extra argument ignored");
 }

+static void
+reader_parse_dhcp_client_id(Reader *reader, char *argument)
+{
+    NMConnection      *connection;
+    NMSettingIPConfig *s_ip4;
+    const char        *interface;
+    gs_free char      *client_id = NULL;
+    gs_free guint8    *buf       = NULL;
+    gsize              len       = 0;
+
+    interface = get_word(&argument, ':');
+    if (!interface) {
+        _LOGW(LOGD_CORE, "rd.net.dhcp.client-id: missing interface");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!argument || !*argument) {
+        _LOGW(LOGD_CORE, "rd.net.dhcp.client-id: missing client-id");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (argument[0] == '@') {
+        /* The client-id is a plain string but we still encode it as
+         * hex string. Otherwise, we could pass the string as-is, but we
+         * would need to handle special keywords like "mac", "perm-mac", etc.
+         */
+        if (argument[1] != '\0') {
+            len    = strlen(argument);
+            buf    = (guint8 *) nm_memdup(argument, len + 1);
+            buf[0] = '\0';
+        }
+    } else {
+        /* Try to parse it as hex string */
+        buf = nm_utils_hexstr2bin_alloc(argument, FALSE, FALSE, "-", 0, &len);
+    }
+
+    if (buf) {
+        client_id = nm_utils_bin2hexstr_full(buf, len, ':', FALSE, NULL);
+    }
+
+    if (!client_id) {
+        _LOGW(LOGD_CORE,
+              "rd.net.dhcp.client-id: invalid client-id \"%s\". Must be hexadecimal bytes "
+              "separated by dashes (for example \"00-01-02-03-04-05-06\"), or '@' followed by a "
+              "string",
+              argument);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (len < 2) {
+        _LOGW(LOGD_CORE,
+              "rd.net.dhcp.client-id: invalid client-id \"%s\". Must be at least two bytes",
+              argument);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    connection = reader_get_connection(reader, interface, NULL, TRUE);
+    s_ip4      = nm_connection_get_setting_ip4_config(connection);
+    g_object_set(s_ip4, NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_DHCP_CLIENT_ID, client_id, NULL);
+}
+
 static void
 _normalize_conn(gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer user_data)
 {
@ -1365,6 +1426,8 @@ _normalize_conn(gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer user_data)
                         NULL,
                         NM_SETTING_IP_CONFIG_DHCP_TIMEOUT,
                         NULL,
+                         NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_DHCP_CLIENT_ID,
+                         NULL,
                         NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_DHCP_VENDOR_CLASS_IDENTIFIER,
                         NULL,
                         NM_SETTING_IP_CONFIG_DHCP_DSCP,
@ -1583,6 +1646,8 @@ nmi_cmdline_reader_parse(const char        *etc_connections_dir,
            g_ptr_array_add(znets, g_strdup(argument));
        } else if (nm_streq(tag, "rd.znet_ifname")) {
            reader_parse_znet_ifname(reader, argument);
+        } else if (nm_streq(tag, "rd.net.dhcp.client-id")) {
+            reader_parse_dhcp_client_id(reader, argument);
        } else if (g_ascii_strcasecmp(tag, "BOOTIF") == 0) {
            nm_clear_g_free(&bootif_val);
            bootif_val = g_strdup(argument);
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/nmi-nbft-reader.c
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/nmi-nbft-reader.c
@ -94,6 +94,33 @@ find_conn_for_wired_mac(GPtrArray *a, const char *hwaddr)
    return NULL;
 }

+static gboolean
+hfi_is_dhcp(struct nbft_info_hfi *hfi, int family)
+{
+    /* There are several flags that may indicate the HFI is set for DHCP
+     * per NVM Express® Boot Specification, Revision 1.3. As the HFI
+     * Transport Flags (HFITFLAGS) are not publicly exposed by the libnvme
+     * API, only the DHCP Override (DHCPO) flag and the IP Origin (IPORIG)
+     * value is available.
+     *
+     * The bit 03 of the HFI Transport Flags (HFITFLAGS) is about an advanced
+     * stateless mechanism - IPv6-SLAAC and IPv6-ND, stating that "the DHCP
+     * Override bit shall be cleared to 0, and the IP Origin field shall
+     * be cleared to 0". This nm-initrd-generator will ignore this flag,
+     * expecting an IP address to be provided by the usual HFI fields
+     * just like in a static adressing case.
+     *
+     * DHCP Override (DHCPO): "The HFI information was populated by
+     * consuming the DHCP on this interface."
+     *
+     * IP Origin (IPORIG): "If set to 3h (IpPrefixOriginDhcp), then the
+     * IP Address was acquired through DHCP, and the IP Address specified
+     * in this HFI should not be reused by the OS."
+     */
+    return hfi->tcp_info.dhcp_override || hfi->tcp_info.ip_origin == 3 /* IpPrefixOriginDhcp */
+           || is_valid_addr(family, hfi->tcp_info.dhcp_server_ipaddr);
+}
+
 static NMConnection *
 create_wired_conn(struct nbft_info_hfi *hfi,
                  const char           *conn_name,
@ -183,6 +210,7 @@ parse_hfi(GPtrArray *a, struct nbft_info_hfi *hfi, const char *table_name, char
                return;
            }
            g_ptr_array_add(a, parent_connection);
+            nm_clear_g_free(&conn_name);
        }

        conn_name  = format_conn_name(table_name, hfi, TRUE);
@ -208,7 +236,7 @@ parse_hfi(GPtrArray *a, struct nbft_info_hfi *hfi, const char *table_name, char
                     NM_SETTING_IP_CONFIG_METHOD,
                     NM_SETTING_IP6_CONFIG_METHOD_DISABLED,
                     NULL);
-        if (is_valid_addr(AF_INET, hfi->tcp_info.dhcp_server_ipaddr)) {
+        if (hfi_is_dhcp(hfi, family)) {
            g_object_set(s_ip4,
                         NM_SETTING_IP_CONFIG_METHOD,
                         NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_METHOD_AUTO,
@ -260,7 +288,7 @@ parse_hfi(GPtrArray *a, struct nbft_info_hfi *hfi, const char *table_name, char
                     NM_SETTING_IP_CONFIG_METHOD,
                     NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_METHOD_DISABLED,
                     NULL);
-        if (is_valid_addr(AF_INET6, hfi->tcp_info.dhcp_server_ipaddr)) {
+        if (hfi_is_dhcp(hfi, family)) {
            g_object_set(s_ip6,
                         NM_SETTING_IP_CONFIG_METHOD,
                         NM_SETTING_IP6_CONFIG_METHOD_AUTO,
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/meson.build
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/meson.build
@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ test_units = [
  'test-cmdline-reader',
 ]

+if enable_nbft
+  test_units += [ 'test-nbft-reader' ]
+endif
+
 foreach test_unit : test_units
  exe = executable(
    test_unit,
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv4-dhcp/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-Dell.PowerEdge.R760
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv4-dhcp/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-Dell.PowerEdge.R760
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv4-dhcp/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-dhcp-ipv4
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv4-dhcp/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-dhcp-ipv4
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv4-static/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-Dell.PowerEdge.R660-fw1.5.5-mpath+discovery
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv4-static/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-Dell.PowerEdge.R660-fw1.5.5-mpath+discovery
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv4-static/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-multi
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv4-static/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-multi
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv4-static/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-rhpoc
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv4-static/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-rhpoc
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv4-static/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-static-ipv4
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv4-static/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-static-ipv4
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv6-auto/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-auto-ipv6
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv6-auto/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-auto-ipv6
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv6-auto/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-dhcp-ipv6
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv6-auto/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-dhcp-ipv6
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv6-auto/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-ipv6-noip+disc
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv6-auto/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-ipv6-noip+disc
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv6-static/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-static-ipv6
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-ipv6-static/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-static-ipv6
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-vlan/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-qemu-vlans-incomplete
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/nbft-vlan/firmware/acpi/tables/NBFT-qemu-vlans-incomplete
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/test-cmdline-reader.c
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/test-cmdline-reader.c
@ -2786,6 +2786,149 @@ test_plain_equal_char(void)

 /*****************************************************************************/

+#define _dhcp_client_id_check_invalid(arg)                        \
+    G_STMT_START                                                  \
+    {                                                             \
+        gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *_connections2 = NULL;      \
+                                                                  \
+        _connections2 = _parse_cons(NM_MAKE_STRV(arg));           \
+        g_test_assert_expected_messages();                        \
+        g_assert_cmpint(g_hash_table_size(_connections2), ==, 0); \
+    }                                                             \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+#define _dhcp_client_id_check_v(strv, exp_ifname, exp_client_id)                                 \
+    G_STMT_START                                                                                 \
+    {                                                                                            \
+        gs_unref_object NMConnection *_connection = NULL;                                        \
+        NMSettingIPConfig            *_s_ip4;                                                    \
+                                                                                                 \
+        _connection = _parse_con(strv, exp_ifname);                                              \
+                                                                                                 \
+        g_test_assert_expected_messages();                                                       \
+                                                                                                 \
+        g_assert(nm_connection_get_setting_connection(_connection));                             \
+        g_assert(nm_connection_is_type(_connection, NM_SETTING_WIRED_SETTING_NAME));             \
+        g_assert(nm_connection_get_setting_ip4_config(_connection));                             \
+        g_assert(nm_connection_get_setting_ip6_config(_connection));                             \
+        _s_ip4 = nm_connection_get_setting_ip4_config(_connection);                              \
+        g_assert(NM_IS_SETTING_IP_CONFIG(_s_ip4));                                               \
+                                                                                                 \
+        g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_ip4_config_get_dhcp_client_id(NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG(_s_ip4)), \
+                        ==,                                                                      \
+                        (exp_client_id));                                                        \
+    }                                                                                            \
+    G_STMT_END
+
+#define _dhcp_client_id_check(arg, exp_ifname, exp_client_id) \
+    _dhcp_client_id_check_v(NM_MAKE_STRV("" arg ""), (exp_ifname), (exp_client_id))
+
+#define DHCP_CLIENT_ID_INVALID_MSG(_id)                                                \
+    "cmdline-reader: "                                                                 \
+    "rd.net.dhcp.client-id: invalid client-id \"" _id "\". Must be hexadecimal bytes " \
+    "separated by dashes (for example \"00-01-02-03-04-05-06\"), or '@' followed by a string"
+
+static void
+test_rd_dhcp_client_id(void)
+{
+    NMTST_EXPECT_NM_WARN("cmdline-reader: rd.net.dhcp.client-id: missing interface");
+    _dhcp_client_id_check_invalid("rd.net.dhcp.client-id=");
+
+    NMTST_EXPECT_NM_WARN("cmdline-reader: rd.net.dhcp.client-id: missing interface");
+    _dhcp_client_id_check_invalid("rd.net.dhcp.client-id=:");
+
+    NMTST_EXPECT_NM_WARN("cmdline-reader: rd.net.dhcp.client-id: missing client-id");
+    _dhcp_client_id_check_invalid("rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth0:");
+
+    NMTST_EXPECT_NM_WARN(DHCP_CLIENT_ID_INVALID_MSG("invalid"));
+    _dhcp_client_id_check_invalid("rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth0:invalid");
+
+    NMTST_EXPECT_NM_WARN(DHCP_CLIENT_ID_INVALID_MSG("01:AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF"));
+    _dhcp_client_id_check_invalid("rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth0:01:AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF");
+
+    NMTST_EXPECT_NM_WARN(DHCP_CLIENT_ID_INVALID_MSG("@"));
+    _dhcp_client_id_check_invalid("rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth0:@");
+
+    NMTST_EXPECT_NM_WARN("cmdline-reader: rd.net.dhcp.client-id: invalid client-id \"01\". Must be "
+                         "at least two bytes");
+    _dhcp_client_id_check_invalid("rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth0:01");
+
+    /* Client-id with hex string */
+    _dhcp_client_id_check("rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth0:01-aa-BB-cc-dd-EE-ff",
+                          "eth0",
+                          "01:aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff");
+
+    /* Client-id with plain string */
+    _dhcp_client_id_check("rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth0:@test.com",
+                          "eth0",
+                          "00:74:65:73:74:2e:63:6f:6d");
+
+    /* Minimal client-id, hex */
+    _dhcp_client_id_check("rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth1:01-02", "eth1", "01:02");
+
+    /* Minimal client-id, string */
+    _dhcp_client_id_check("rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth1:@1", "eth1", "00:31");
+
+    /* Long client-id */
+    _dhcp_client_id_check(
+        "rd.net.dhcp.client-id=enp1s0:"
+        "01-02-03-04-05-06-07-08-09-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-"
+        "25-26-27-28-29-30-31-32-33-34-35-36-37-38-39-40-41-42-43-44-45-46-47-48-"
+        "49-50-51-52-53-54-55-56-57-58-59-60-61-62-63-64-65-66-67-68-69-70-71-72",
+        "enp1s0",
+        "01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08:09:10:11:12:13:14:15:16:17:18:19:20:21:22:23:24:"
+        "25:26:27:28:29:30:31:32:33:34:35:36:37:38:39:40:41:42:43:44:45:46:47:48:"
+        "49:50:51:52:53:54:55:56:57:58:59:60:61:62:63:64:65:66:67:68:69:70:71:72");
+
+    /* Test ordering: client-id before ip= */
+    _dhcp_client_id_check_v(
+        NM_MAKE_STRV("rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth0:aa-bb-cc-dd-ee-ff", "ip=eth0:dhcp"),
+        "eth0",
+        "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff");
+
+    /* Test ordering: client-id after ip= */
+    _dhcp_client_id_check_v(
+        NM_MAKE_STRV("ip=eth2:dhcp", "rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth2:ba-da-cc-dd-ee-ff"),
+        "eth2",
+        "ba:da:cc:dd:ee:ff");
+
+    /* Duplicate option: last wins */
+    _dhcp_client_id_check_v(NM_MAKE_STRV("ip=eth3:dhcp",
+                                         "rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth3:01-02",
+                                         "rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth3:01-03"),
+                            "eth3",
+                            "01:03");
+
+    /* Multiple connections */
+    {
+        gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *connections = NULL;
+        NMConnection                  *connection;
+        NMSettingIP4Config            *s_ip4;
+
+        connections = _parse_cons(NM_MAKE_STRV("ip=eth0:dhcp",
+                                               "ip=eth1:dhcp",
+                                               "rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth1:01-01-01",
+                                               "rd.net.dhcp.client-id=eth0:00-00-00"));
+
+        g_assert_nonnull(connections);
+        g_assert_cmpint(g_hash_table_size(connections), ==, 2);
+
+        connection = g_hash_table_lookup(connections, "eth0");
+        g_assert_nonnull(connection);
+        s_ip4 = (NMSettingIP4Config *) nm_connection_get_setting_ip4_config(connection);
+        g_assert_nonnull(s_ip4);
+        g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_ip4_config_get_dhcp_client_id(s_ip4), ==, "00:00:00");
+
+        connection = g_hash_table_lookup(connections, "eth1");
+        g_assert_nonnull(connection);
+        s_ip4 = (NMSettingIP4Config *) nm_connection_get_setting_ip4_config(connection);
+        g_assert_nonnull(s_ip4);
+        g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_ip4_config_get_dhcp_client_id(s_ip4), ==, "01:01:01");
+    }
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
 NMTST_DEFINE();

 int
@ -2848,6 +2991,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
    g_test_add_func("/initrd/cmdline/rd_ethtool", test_rd_ethtool);
    g_test_add_func("/initrd/cmdline/plain_equal_char", test_plain_equal_char);
    g_test_add_func("/initrd/cmdline/global_dns", test_global_dns);
+    g_test_add_func("/initrd/cmdline/rd_dhcp_client_id", test_rd_dhcp_client_id);

    return g_test_run();
 }
--- a/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/test-nbft-reader.c
+++ b/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests/test-nbft-reader.c
@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 Red Hat, Inc.
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/nm-default-daemon.h"
+
+#include "libnm-core-intern/nm-core-internal.h"
+#include "libnm-glib-aux/nm-test-utils.h"
+
+#include "nm-initrd-generator/nm-initrd-generator.h"
+
+#define TEST_INITRD_DIR NM_BUILD_SRCDIR "/src/nm-initrd-generator/tests"
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+static NMConnection *
+find_connection_for_mac(NMConnection **nbft_connections, const char *expected_mac, guint32 vlan_id)
+{
+    NMConnection  **c;
+    NMSettingWired *s_wired;
+    NMSettingVlan  *s_vlan;
+    const char     *mac_address;
+
+    for (c = nbft_connections; c && *c; c++) {
+        s_wired = nm_connection_get_setting_wired(*c);
+        g_assert(s_wired);
+        mac_address = nm_setting_wired_get_mac_address(s_wired);
+        g_assert(mac_address);
+        if (!nm_utils_hwaddr_matches(mac_address, -1, expected_mac, -1))
+            continue;
+        s_vlan = nm_connection_get_setting_vlan(*c);
+        if (vlan_id > 0) {
+            if (!s_vlan)
+                continue;
+            if (nm_setting_vlan_get_id(s_vlan) != vlan_id)
+                continue;
+        } else if (s_vlan)
+            continue;
+        return *c;
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+verify_connection(NMConnection *c, const char *expected_mac, guint32 expected_vlan_id)
+{
+    NMSettingConnection *s_con;
+    NMSettingWired      *s_wired;
+    NMSettingVlan       *s_vlan;
+    const char          *mac_address;
+
+    nmtst_assert_connection_verifies_without_normalization(c);
+
+    s_con = nm_connection_get_setting_connection(c);
+    g_assert(s_con);
+
+    g_assert(g_str_has_prefix(nm_setting_connection_get_id(s_con), "NBFT"));
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_connection_get_interface_name(s_con), ==, NULL);
+    g_assert(nm_setting_connection_get_autoconnect_priority(s_con)
+             == NMI_AUTOCONNECT_PRIORITY_FIRMWARE);
+
+    s_wired = nm_connection_get_setting_wired(c);
+    g_assert(s_wired);
+    mac_address = nm_setting_wired_get_mac_address(s_wired);
+    g_assert(mac_address);
+    g_assert(nm_utils_hwaddr_matches(mac_address, -1, expected_mac, -1));
+
+    if (expected_vlan_id > 0) {
+        g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_connection_get_connection_type(s_con),
+                        ==,
+                        NM_SETTING_VLAN_SETTING_NAME);
+        s_vlan = nm_connection_get_setting_vlan(c);
+        g_assert(s_vlan);
+        g_assert_cmpint(nm_setting_vlan_get_id(s_vlan), ==, expected_vlan_id);
+        g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_vlan_get_parent(s_vlan), ==, NULL);
+    } else {
+        g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_connection_get_connection_type(s_con),
+                        ==,
+                        NM_SETTING_WIRED_SETTING_NAME);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+verify_ipv4(NMConnection *c, const char *addr, int mask, const char *gateway)
+{
+    NMSettingIPConfig *s_ip4;
+    NMIPAddress       *ip4_addr;
+
+    s_ip4 = nm_connection_get_setting_ip4_config(c);
+    g_assert(s_ip4);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_ip_config_get_method(s_ip4),
+                    ==,
+                    NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_METHOD_MANUAL);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_setting_ip_config_get_num_dns(s_ip4), ==, 0);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_setting_ip_config_get_num_addresses(s_ip4), ==, 1);
+    ip4_addr = nm_setting_ip_config_get_address(s_ip4, 0);
+    g_assert(ip4_addr);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_ip_address_get_address(ip4_addr), ==, addr);
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_ip_address_get_prefix(ip4_addr), ==, mask);
+
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_ip_config_get_gateway(s_ip4), ==, gateway);
+}
+
+static void
+verify_ipv4_dhcp(NMConnection *c)
+{
+    NMSettingIPConfig *s_ip4;
+
+    s_ip4 = nm_connection_get_setting_ip4_config(c);
+    g_assert(s_ip4);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_ip_config_get_method(s_ip4), ==, NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_METHOD_AUTO);
+}
+
+static void
+verify_ipv4_disabled(NMConnection *c)
+{
+    NMSettingIPConfig *s_ip4;
+
+    s_ip4 = nm_connection_get_setting_ip4_config(c);
+    g_assert(s_ip4);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_ip_config_get_method(s_ip4),
+                    ==,
+                    NM_SETTING_IP4_CONFIG_METHOD_DISABLED);
+}
+
+static void
+verify_ipv6(NMConnection *c, const char *addr, int prefix, const char *gateway)
+{
+    NMSettingIPConfig *s_ip6;
+    NMIPAddress       *ip6_addr;
+
+    s_ip6 = nm_connection_get_setting_ip6_config(c);
+    g_assert(s_ip6);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_ip_config_get_method(s_ip6),
+                    ==,
+                    NM_SETTING_IP6_CONFIG_METHOD_MANUAL);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_setting_ip_config_get_num_dns(s_ip6), ==, 0);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_setting_ip_config_get_num_addresses(s_ip6), ==, 1);
+    ip6_addr = nm_setting_ip_config_get_address(s_ip6, 0);
+    g_assert(ip6_addr);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_ip_address_get_address(ip6_addr), ==, addr);
+    g_assert_cmpint(nm_ip_address_get_prefix(ip6_addr), ==, prefix);
+
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_ip_config_get_gateway(s_ip6), ==, gateway);
+}
+
+static void
+verify_ipv6_auto(NMConnection *c)
+{
+    NMSettingIPConfig *s_ip6;
+
+    s_ip6 = nm_connection_get_setting_ip6_config(c);
+    g_assert(s_ip6);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_ip_config_get_method(s_ip6), ==, NM_SETTING_IP6_CONFIG_METHOD_AUTO);
+}
+
+static void
+verify_ipv6_disabled(NMConnection *c)
+{
+    NMSettingIPConfig *s_ip6;
+
+    s_ip6 = nm_connection_get_setting_ip6_config(c);
+    g_assert(s_ip6);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(nm_setting_ip_config_get_method(s_ip6),
+                    ==,
+                    NM_SETTING_IP6_CONFIG_METHOD_DISABLED);
+}
+
+static int
+count_nm_conn(NMConnection **connections)
+{
+    int cnt;
+
+    for (cnt = 0; connections && *connections; connections++, cnt++)
+        ;
+
+    return cnt;
+}
+
+static void
+free_connections(NMConnection **connections)
+{
+    NMConnection **c;
+
+    for (c = connections; c && *c; c++)
+        g_object_unref(*c);
+    g_free(connections);
+}
+
+static void
+test_read_nbft_ipv4_static(void)
+{
+    NMConnection **nbft_connections;
+    NMConnection  *connection;
+    const char    *expected_mac_address;
+    gs_free char  *hostname = NULL;
+
+    nbft_connections = nmi_nbft_reader_parse(TEST_INITRD_DIR "/nbft-ipv4-static", &hostname);
+    g_assert_nonnull(hostname);
+    g_assert_cmpint(count_nm_conn(nbft_connections), ==, 6);
+
+    /* NBFT-multi HFI 1 */
+    expected_mac_address = "52:54:00:72:c5:ae";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv4(connection, "192.168.122.158", 24, "192.168.122.1");
+    verify_ipv6_disabled(connection);
+
+    /* NBFT-multi HFI 2 */
+    expected_mac_address = "52:54:00:72:c5:af";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv4_dhcp(connection);
+    verify_ipv6_disabled(connection);
+
+    /* NBFT-Dell.PowerEdge.R660-fw1.5.5-mpath+discovery HFI 1 */
+    expected_mac_address = "00:62:0b:cb:eb:70";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv4(connection, "172.18.240.1", 24, NULL);
+    verify_ipv6_disabled(connection);
+
+    /* NBFT-Dell.PowerEdge.R660-fw1.5.5-mpath+discovery HFI 2 */
+    expected_mac_address = "00:62:0b:cb:eb:71";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv4(connection, "172.18.230.2", 24, NULL);
+    verify_ipv6_disabled(connection);
+
+    /* NBFT-rhpoc */
+    expected_mac_address = "ea:eb:d3:58:89:58";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv4(connection, "192.168.101.30", 24, NULL);
+    verify_ipv6_disabled(connection);
+
+    /* NBFT-static-ipv4 */
+    expected_mac_address = "52:54:00:b8:19:b9";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv4(connection, "192.168.49.50", 24, NULL);
+    verify_ipv6_disabled(connection);
+
+    free_connections(nbft_connections);
+}
+
+static void
+test_read_nbft_ipv4_dhcp(void)
+{
+    NMConnection **nbft_connections;
+    NMConnection  *connection;
+    const char    *expected_mac_address;
+    gs_free char  *hostname = NULL;
+
+    nbft_connections = nmi_nbft_reader_parse(TEST_INITRD_DIR "/nbft-ipv4-dhcp", &hostname);
+    g_assert_nonnull(hostname);
+    g_assert_cmpint(count_nm_conn(nbft_connections), ==, 2);
+
+    /* NBFT-dhcp-ipv4 */
+    expected_mac_address = "52:54:00:b8:19:b9";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv4_dhcp(connection);
+    verify_ipv6_disabled(connection);
+
+    /* NBFT-Dell.PowerEdge.R760 */
+    expected_mac_address = "b0:26:28:e8:7c:0e";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv4_dhcp(connection);
+    verify_ipv6_disabled(connection);
+
+    free_connections(nbft_connections);
+}
+
+static void
+test_read_nbft_ipv6_static(void)
+{
+    NMConnection **nbft_connections;
+    NMConnection  *connection;
+    const char    *expected_mac_address;
+    gs_free char  *hostname = NULL;
+
+    nbft_connections = nmi_nbft_reader_parse(TEST_INITRD_DIR "/nbft-ipv6-static", &hostname);
+    g_assert_nonnull(hostname);
+    g_assert_cmpint(count_nm_conn(nbft_connections), ==, 1);
+
+    /* NBFT-static-ipv6 */
+    expected_mac_address = "52:54:00:9e:20:1a";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv6(connection, "fd09:9a46:b5c1:1fe::10", 64, NULL);
+    verify_ipv4_disabled(connection);
+
+    free_connections(nbft_connections);
+}
+
+static void
+test_read_nbft_ipv6_auto(void)
+{
+    NMConnection **nbft_connections;
+    NMConnection  *connection;
+    const char    *expected_mac_address;
+    gs_free char  *hostname = NULL;
+
+    nbft_connections = nmi_nbft_reader_parse(TEST_INITRD_DIR "/nbft-ipv6-auto", &hostname);
+    g_assert_nonnull(hostname);
+    g_assert_cmpint(count_nm_conn(nbft_connections), ==, 3);
+
+    /* NBFT-auto-ipv6 */
+    expected_mac_address = "52:54:00:9e:20:1a";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv6(connection, "fd09:9a46:b5c1:1ff:5054:ff:fe9e:201a", 64, NULL);
+    verify_ipv4_disabled(connection);
+
+    /* NBFT-dhcp-ipv6 */
+    expected_mac_address = "52:54:00:b8:19:b9";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv6_auto(connection);
+    verify_ipv4_disabled(connection);
+
+    /* NBFT-ipv6-noip+disc */
+    expected_mac_address = "40:a6:b7:c0:8a:c9";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv6_auto(connection);
+    verify_ipv4_disabled(connection);
+
+    free_connections(nbft_connections);
+}
+
+static void
+test_read_nbft_vlan(void)
+{
+    NMConnection **nbft_connections;
+    NMConnection  *connection;
+    const char    *expected_mac_address;
+    gs_free char  *hostname = NULL;
+
+    nbft_connections = nmi_nbft_reader_parse(TEST_INITRD_DIR "/nbft-vlan", &hostname);
+    g_assert_cmpstr(hostname, ==, NULL);
+    g_assert_cmpint(count_nm_conn(nbft_connections), ==, 4);
+
+    /* NBFT-qemu-vlans-incomplete HFI 1 */
+    expected_mac_address = "52:54:00:72:c5:ae";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv4(connection, "192.168.122.158", 24, "192.168.122.1");
+    verify_ipv6_disabled(connection);
+
+    /* NBFT-qemu-vlans-incomplete HFI 2 */
+    expected_mac_address = "52:54:00:72:c5:af";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 0);
+    verify_ipv4_disabled(connection);
+    verify_ipv6_disabled(connection);
+
+    /* NBFT-qemu-vlans-incomplete HFI 2 VLAN 11 */
+    expected_mac_address = "52:54:00:72:c5:af";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 11);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 11);
+    verify_ipv4(connection, "192.168.124.58", 24, NULL);
+    verify_ipv6_disabled(connection);
+
+    /* NBFT-qemu-vlans-incomplete HFI 2 VLAN 12 */
+    expected_mac_address = "52:54:00:72:c5:af";
+    connection           = find_connection_for_mac(nbft_connections, expected_mac_address, 12);
+    verify_connection(connection, expected_mac_address, 12);
+    verify_ipv4(connection, "192.168.125.58", 24, NULL);
+    verify_ipv6_disabled(connection);
+
+    free_connections(nbft_connections);
+}
+
+NMTST_DEFINE();
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    nmtst_init_assert_logging(&argc, &argv, "INFO", "DEFAULT");
+
+    g_test_add_func("/initrd/nbft/ipv4-static", test_read_nbft_ipv4_static);
+    g_test_add_func("/initrd/nbft/ipv4-dhcp", test_read_nbft_ipv4_dhcp);
+    g_test_add_func("/initrd/nbft/ipv6-static", test_read_nbft_ipv6_static);
+    g_test_add_func("/initrd/nbft/ipv6-auto", test_read_nbft_ipv6_auto);
+    g_test_add_func("/initrd/nbft/vlan", test_read_nbft_vlan);
+
+    return g_test_run();
+}
--- a/src/nmcli/gen-metadata-nm-settings-nmcli.xml.in
+++ b/src/nmcli/gen-metadata-nm-settings-nmcli.xml.in
@ -1235,6 +1235,13 @@
                  nmcli-description="The protocol used by the interface, whether it is PRP or HSR."
                  format="boolean"
                  values="true/yes/on, false/no/off" />
+        <property name="protocol-version"
+                  nmcli-description="Configures the protocol version to be used for the HSR/PRP interface. &quot;default&quot; (-1) sets the protocol version to the default version for the protocol. &quot;hsr-2010&quot; (0) sets the protocol version to HSRv0 (IEC 62439-3:2010). &quot;hsr-2012&quot; (1) sets the protocol version to HSRv1 (IEC 62439-3:2012)."
+                  format="choice (NMSettingHsrProtocolVersion)"
+                  values="default (-1), hsr-2010 (0), hsr-2012 (1)" />
+        <property name="interlink"
+                  nmcli-description="The optional interlink port name of the HSR interface."
+                  format="string" />
    </setting>
    <setting name="infiniband" >
        <property name="mac-address"
--- a/src/nmcli/general.c
+++ b/src/nmcli/general.c
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ static void permission_changed(GObject *gobject, GParamSpec *pspec, NmCli *nmc);
 static NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_DEFINE(nm_state_to_string,
                                  NMState,
                                  NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_DEFAULT(N_("unknown")),
-                                  NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NM_STATE_ASLEEP, N_("asleep")),
+                                  NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NM_STATE_DISABLED, N_("network off")),
                                  NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NM_STATE_CONNECTING, N_("connecting")),
                                  NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM(NM_STATE_CONNECTED_LOCAL,
                                                       N_("connected (local only)")),
@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ state_to_color(NMState state)
        return NM_META_COLOR_STATE_CONNECTED_GLOBAL;
    case NM_STATE_DISCONNECTING:
        return NM_META_COLOR_STATE_DISCONNECTING;
-    case NM_STATE_ASLEEP:
-        return NM_META_COLOR_STATE_ASLEEP;
+    case NM_STATE_DISABLED:
+        return NM_META_COLOR_STATE_DISABLED;
    case NM_STATE_DISCONNECTED:
        return NM_META_COLOR_STATE_DISCONNECTED;
    default:
--- a/Show more
+++ b/Show more