NetworkManager/src/platform/nm-platform.c

/* -*- Mode: C; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: t; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
/* nm-platform.c - Handle runtime kernel networking configuration
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
 * any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2012 Red Hat, Inc.
 */

#include "nm-default.h"

#include "nm-platform.h"

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <linux/ip.h>
#include <linux/if_tun.h>
#include <linux/if_tunnel.h>
#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
#include <libudev.h>

#include "nm-utils.h"
#include "nm-core-internal.h"
#include "nm-utils/nm-dedup-multi.h"
#include "nm-utils/nm-udev-utils.h"

#include "nm-core-utils.h"
#include "nm-platform-utils.h"
#include "nm-platform-private.h"
#include "nmp-object.h"
#include "nmp-netns.h"

/*****************************************************************************/

G_STATIC_ASSERT (sizeof ( ((NMPlatformLink *) NULL)->addr.data ) == NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX);
G_STATIC_ASSERT (G_STRUCT_OFFSET (NMPlatformIPAddress, address_ptr) == G_STRUCT_OFFSET (NMPlatformIP4Address, address));
G_STATIC_ASSERT (G_STRUCT_OFFSET (NMPlatformIPAddress, address_ptr) == G_STRUCT_OFFSET (NMPlatformIP6Address, address));
G_STATIC_ASSERT (G_STRUCT_OFFSET (NMPlatformIPRoute, network_ptr) == G_STRUCT_OFFSET (NMPlatformIP4Route, network));
G_STATIC_ASSERT (G_STRUCT_OFFSET (NMPlatformIPRoute, network_ptr) == G_STRUCT_OFFSET (NMPlatformIP6Route, network));

#define _NMLOG_DOMAIN           LOGD_PLATFORM
#define _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME      "platform"
#define _NMLOG(level, ...) \
    G_STMT_START { \
        const NMLogLevel __level = (level); \
        \
        if (nm_logging_enabled (__level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN)) { \
            char __prefix[32]; \
            const char *__p_prefix = _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME; \
            const NMPlatform *const __self = (self); \
            \
            if (__self && NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE (__self)->log_with_ptr) { \
                g_snprintf (__prefix, sizeof (__prefix), "%s[%p]", _NMLOG_PREFIX_NAME, __self); \
                __p_prefix = __prefix; \
            } \
            _nm_log (__level, _NMLOG_DOMAIN, 0, NULL, NULL, \
                     "%s: " _NM_UTILS_MACRO_FIRST (__VA_ARGS__), \
                     __p_prefix _NM_UTILS_MACRO_REST (__VA_ARGS__)); \
        } \
    } G_STMT_END

#define LOG_FMT_IP_TUNNEL "adding %s '%s' parent %u local %s remote %s"

/*****************************************************************************/

static guint signals[_NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_LAST] = { 0 };

enum {
	PROP_0,
	PROP_NETNS_SUPPORT,
	PROP_USE_UDEV,
	PROP_LOG_WITH_PTR,
	LAST_PROP,
};

typedef struct _NMPlatformPrivate {
	bool use_udev:1;
	bool log_with_ptr:1;
	NMDedupMultiIndex *multi_idx;
	NMPCache *cache;
} NMPlatformPrivate;

G_DEFINE_TYPE (NMPlatform, nm_platform, G_TYPE_OBJECT)

#define NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE(self) _NM_GET_PRIVATE_PTR (self, NMPlatform, NM_IS_PLATFORM)

/*****************************************************************************/

gboolean
nm_platform_get_use_udev (NMPlatform *self)
{
	return NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE (self)->use_udev;
}

gboolean
nm_platform_get_log_with_ptr (NMPlatform *self)
{
	return NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE (self)->log_with_ptr;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

guint
_nm_platform_signal_id_get (NMPlatformSignalIdType signal_type)
{
	nm_assert (   signal_type > 0
	           && signal_type != NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_NONE
	           && signal_type < _NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_LAST);

	return signals[signal_type];
}

/*****************************************************************************/

/* Singleton NMPlatform subclass instance and cached class object */
NM_DEFINE_SINGLETON_INSTANCE (NMPlatform);

NM_DEFINE_SINGLETON_REGISTER (NMPlatform);

/* Just always initialize a @klass instance. NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS()
 * is only a plain read on the self instance, which the compiler
 * like can optimize out.
 */
#define _CHECK_SELF_VOID(self, klass) \
	NMPlatformClass *klass; \
	do { \
		g_return_if_fail (NM_IS_PLATFORM (self)); \
		klass = NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS (self); \
		(void) klass; \
	} while (0)

#define _CHECK_SELF(self, klass, err_val) \
	NMPlatformClass *klass; \
	do { \
		g_return_val_if_fail (NM_IS_PLATFORM (self), err_val); \
		klass = NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS (self); \
		(void) klass; \
	} while (0)

#define _CHECK_SELF_NETNS(self, klass, netns, err_val) \
	nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL; \
	NMPlatformClass *klass; \
	do { \
		g_return_val_if_fail (NM_IS_PLATFORM (self), err_val); \
		klass = NM_PLATFORM_GET_CLASS (self); \
		(void) klass; \
		if (!nm_platform_netns_push (self, &netns)) \
			return (err_val); \
	} while (0)

/**
 * nm_platform_setup:
 * @instance: the #NMPlatform instance
 *
 * Failing to set up #NMPlatform singleton results in a fatal error,
 * as well as trying to initialize it multiple times without freeing
 * it.
 *
 * NetworkManager will typically use only one platform object during
 * its run. Test programs might want to switch platform implementations,
 * though.
 */
void
nm_platform_setup (NMPlatform *instance)
{
	g_return_if_fail (NM_IS_PLATFORM (instance));
	g_return_if_fail (!singleton_instance);

	singleton_instance = instance;

	nm_singleton_instance_register ();

	nm_log_dbg (LOGD_CORE, "setup %s singleton (%p, %s)", "NMPlatform", singleton_instance, G_OBJECT_TYPE_NAME (instance));
}

/**
 * nm_platform_get:
 * @self: platform instance
 *
 * Retrieve #NMPlatform singleton. Use this whenever you want to connect to
 * #NMPlatform signals. It is an error to call it before nm_platform_setup().
 *
 * Returns: (transfer none): The #NMPlatform singleton reference.
 */
NMPlatform *
nm_platform_get ()
{
	g_assert (singleton_instance);

	return singleton_instance;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

NMDedupMultiIndex *
nm_platform_get_multi_idx (NMPlatform *self)
{
	g_return_val_if_fail (NM_IS_PLATFORM (self), NULL);

	return NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE (self)->multi_idx;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

/**
 * _nm_platform_error_to_string:
 * @error_code: the error code to stringify.
 *
 * Returns: A string representation of the error.
 * For negative numbers, this function interprets
 * the code as -errno.
 * For invalid (positive) numbers it returns NULL.
 */
NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_DEFINE (_nm_platform_error_to_string, NMPlatformError,
	NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_DEFAULT ( val < 0 ? g_strerror (- ((int) val)) : NULL ),
	NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM (NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS,     "success"),
	NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM (NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG,         "bug"),
	NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM (NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED, "unspecified"),
	NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM (NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_NOT_FOUND,   "not-found"),
	NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM (NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_EXISTS,      "exists"),
	NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM (NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_WRONG_TYPE,  "wrong-type"),
	NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM (NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_NOT_SLAVE,   "not-slave"),
	NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM (NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_NO_FIRMWARE, "no-firmware"),
	NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_STR_ITEM (NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_OPNOTSUPP,   "not-supported"),
	NM_UTILS_LOOKUP_ITEM_IGNORE (_NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_MININT),
);

/*****************************************************************************/

gboolean
nm_platform_check_support_kernel_extended_ifa_flags (NMPlatform *self)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	if (!klass->check_support_kernel_extended_ifa_flags)
		return FALSE;

	return klass->check_support_kernel_extended_ifa_flags (self);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_check_support_user_ipv6ll (NMPlatform *self)
{
	static int supported = -1;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	if (!klass->check_support_user_ipv6ll)
		return FALSE;

	if (supported < 0)
		supported = klass->check_support_user_ipv6ll (self) ? 1 : 0;
	return !!supported;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_process_events:
 * @self: platform instance
 *
 * Process pending events or handle pending delayed-actions.
 * Effectively, this reads the netlink socket and processes
 * new netlink messages. Possibly it will raise change signals.
 */
void
nm_platform_process_events (NMPlatform *self)
{
	_CHECK_SELF_VOID (self, klass);

	if (klass->process_events)
		klass->process_events (self);
}

/*****************************************************************************/

/**
 * nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: the ifindex for which to open /sys/class/net/%s
 * @out_ifname: optional output argument of the found ifname.
 *
 * Wraps nmp_utils_sysctl_open_netdir() by first changing into the right
 * network-namespace.
 *
 * Returns: on success, the open file descriptor to the /sys/class/net/%s
 *   directory.
 */
int
nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, char *out_ifname)
{
	const char*ifname_guess;
	_CHECK_SELF_NETNS (self, klass, netns, -1);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, -1);

	/* we don't have an @ifname_guess argument to make the API nicer.
	 * But still do a cache-lookup first. Chances are good that we have
	 * the right ifname cached and save if_indextoname() */
	ifname_guess = nm_platform_link_get_name (self, ifindex);

	return nmp_utils_sysctl_open_netdir (ifindex, ifname_guess, out_ifname);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_sysctl_set:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up.
 *   It is required for logging.
 * @dirfd: optional file descriptor for parent directory for openat()
 * @path: Absolute option path
 * @value: Value to write
 *
 * This function is intended to be used for writing values to sysctl-style
 * virtual runtime configuration files. This includes not only /proc/sys
 * but also for example /sys/class.
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE on success.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_sysctl_set (NMPlatform *self, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path, const char *value)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (path, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (value, FALSE);

	return klass->sysctl_set (self, pathid, dirfd, path, value);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_sysctl_set_ip6_hop_limit_safe (NMPlatform *self, const char *iface, int value)
{
	const char *path;
	gint64 cur;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	/* the hop-limit provided via RA is uint8. */
	if (value > 0xFF)
		return FALSE;

	/* don't allow unreasonable small values */
	if (value < 10)
		return FALSE;

	path = nm_utils_ip6_property_path (iface, "hop_limit");
	cur = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked (self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE (path), 10, 1, G_MAXINT32, -1);

	/* only allow increasing the hop-limit to avoid DOS by an attacker
	 * setting a low hop-limit (CVE-2015-2924, rh#1209902) */

	if (value < cur)
		return FALSE;
	if (value != cur) {
		char svalue[20];

		sprintf (svalue, "%d", value);
		nm_platform_sysctl_set (self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_ABSOLUTE (path), svalue);
	}

	return TRUE;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_sysctl_get:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @dirfd: if non-negative, used to lookup the path via openat().
 * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up.
 *   It is required for logging.
 * @path: Absolute path to sysctl
 *
 * Returns: (transfer full): Contents of the virtual sysctl file.
 */
char *
nm_platform_sysctl_get (NMPlatform *self, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	g_return_val_if_fail (path, NULL);

	return klass->sysctl_get (self, pathid, dirfd, path);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up.
 *   It is required for logging.
 * @dirfd: if non-negative, used to lookup the path via openat().
 * @path: Absolute path to sysctl
 * @fallback: default value, if the content of path could not be read
 * as decimal integer.
 *
 * Returns: contents of the sysctl file parsed as s32 integer, or
 * @fallback on error. On error, %errno will be set to a non-zero
 * value, on success %errno will be set to zero.
 */
gint32
nm_platform_sysctl_get_int32 (NMPlatform *self, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path, gint32 fallback)
{
	return nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked (self, pathid, dirfd, path, 10, G_MININT32, G_MAXINT32, fallback);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @pathid: if @dirfd is present, this must be the full path that is looked up.
 *   It is required for logging.
 * @dirfd: if non-negative, used to lookup the path via openat().
 * @path: Absolute path to sysctl
 * @base: base of numeric conversion
 * @min: minimal value that is still valid
 * @max: maximal value that is still valid
 * @fallback: default value, if the content of path could not be read
 * as valid integer.
 *
 * Returns: contents of the sysctl file parsed as s64 integer, or
 * @fallback on error. On error, %errno will be set to a non-zero
 * value. On success, %errno will be set to zero. The returned value
 * will always be in the range between @min and @max
 * (inclusive) or @fallback.
 */
gint64
nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked (NMPlatform *self, const char *pathid, int dirfd, const char *path, guint base, gint64 min, gint64 max, gint64 fallback)
{
	char *value = NULL;
	gint32 ret;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, fallback);

	g_return_val_if_fail (path, fallback);

	if (path)
		value = nm_platform_sysctl_get (self, pathid, dirfd, path);

	if (!value) {
		errno = EINVAL;
		return fallback;
	}

	ret = _nm_utils_ascii_str_to_int64 (value, base, min, max, fallback);
	g_free (value);
	return ret;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

static int
_link_get_all_presort (gconstpointer  p_a,
                       gconstpointer  p_b,
                       gpointer       sort_by_name)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *a = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK (*((const NMPObject **) p_a));
	const NMPlatformLink *b = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK (*((const NMPObject **) p_b));

	/* Loopback always first */
	if (a->ifindex == 1)
		return -1;
	if (b->ifindex == 1)
		return 1;

	if (GPOINTER_TO_INT (sort_by_name)) {
		/* Initialized links first */
		if (a->initialized > b->initialized)
			return -1;
		if (a->initialized < b->initialized)
			return 1;

		return strcmp (a->name, b->name);
	} else
		return a->ifindex - b->ifindex;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_all:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @sort_by_name: whether to sort by name or ifindex.
 *
 * Retrieve a snapshot of configuration for all links at once. The result is
 * owned by the caller and should be freed with g_ptr_array_unref().
 */
GPtrArray *
nm_platform_link_get_all (NMPlatform *self, gboolean sort_by_name)
{
	gs_unref_ptrarray GPtrArray *links = NULL;
	GPtrArray *result;
	guint i, nresult;
	gs_unref_hashtable GHashTable *unseen = NULL;
	const NMPlatformLink *item;
	NMPLookup lookup;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	nmp_lookup_init_obj_type (&lookup, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_LINK);
	links = nm_dedup_multi_objs_to_ptr_array_head (nm_platform_lookup (self, &lookup),
	                                               NULL, NULL);
	if (!links)
		return NULL;

	for (i = 0; i < links->len; ) {
		if (!nmp_object_is_visible (links->pdata[i]))
			g_ptr_array_remove_index_fast (links, i);
		else
			i++;
	}

	if (links->len == 0)
		return NULL;

	/* first sort the links by their ifindex or name. Below we will sort
	 * further by moving children/slaves to the end. */
	g_ptr_array_sort_with_data (links, _link_get_all_presort, GINT_TO_POINTER (sort_by_name));

	unseen = g_hash_table_new (g_direct_hash, g_direct_equal);
	for (i = 0; i < links->len; i++) {
		item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK ((const NMPObject *) links->pdata[i]);
		nm_assert (item->ifindex > 0);
		if (!nm_g_hash_table_insert (unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER (item->ifindex), NULL))
			nm_assert_not_reached ();
	}

#if NM_MORE_ASSERTS
	/* Ensure that link_get_all returns a consistent and valid result. */
	for (i = 0; i < links->len; i++) {
		item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK ((const NMPObject *) links->pdata[i]);

		if (!item->ifindex)
			continue;
		if (item->master != 0) {
			g_warn_if_fail (item->master > 0);
			g_warn_if_fail (item->master != item->ifindex);
			g_warn_if_fail (g_hash_table_contains (unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER (item->master)));
		}
		if (item->parent != 0) {
			if (item->parent != NM_PLATFORM_LINK_OTHER_NETNS) {
				g_warn_if_fail (item->parent > 0);
				g_warn_if_fail (item->parent != item->ifindex);
				g_warn_if_fail (g_hash_table_contains (unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER (item->parent)));
			}
		}
	}
#endif

	/* Re-order the links list such that children/slaves come after all ancestors */
	nm_assert (g_hash_table_size (unseen) == links->len);
	nresult = links->len;
	result = g_ptr_array_new_full (nresult, (GDestroyNotify) nmp_object_unref);

	while (TRUE) {
		gboolean found_something = FALSE;
		guint first_idx = G_MAXUINT;

		for (i = 0; i < links->len; i++) {
			item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK ((const NMPObject *) links->pdata[i]);

			if (!item)
				continue;

			g_assert (g_hash_table_contains (unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER (item->ifindex)));

			if (item->master > 0 && g_hash_table_contains (unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER (item->master)))
				goto skip;
			if (item->parent > 0 && g_hash_table_contains (unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER (item->parent)))
				goto skip;

			g_hash_table_remove (unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER (item->ifindex));
			g_ptr_array_add (result, links->pdata[i]);
			links->pdata[i] = NULL;
			found_something = TRUE;
			continue;
skip:
			if (first_idx == G_MAXUINT)
				first_idx = i;
		}

		if (found_something) {
			if (first_idx == G_MAXUINT)
				break;
		} else {
			nm_assert (first_idx != G_MAXUINT);
			/* There is a loop, pop the first (remaining) element from the list.
			 * This can happen for veth pairs where each peer is parent of the other end. */
			item = NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK ((const NMPObject *) links->pdata[first_idx]);
			g_hash_table_remove (unseen, GINT_TO_POINTER (item->ifindex));
			g_ptr_array_add (result, links->pdata[first_idx]);
			links->pdata[first_idx] = NULL;
		}
		nm_assert (result->len < nresult);
	}
	nm_assert (result->len == nresult);

	return result;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

const NMPObject *
nm_platform_link_get_obj (NMPlatform *self,
                          int ifindex,
                          gboolean visible_only)
{
	const NMPObject *obj_cache;

	obj_cache = nmp_cache_lookup_link (nm_platform_get_cache (self), ifindex);
	if (   !obj_cache
	    || (   visible_only
	        && !nmp_object_is_visible (obj_cache)))
		return NULL;
	return obj_cache;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: ifindex of the link
 *
 * Lookup the internal NMPlatformLink object.
 *
 * Returns: %NULL, if such a link exists or the internal
 * platform link object. Do not modify the returned value.
 * Also, be aware that any subsequent platform call might
 * invalidate/modify the returned instance.
 **/
const NMPlatformLink *
nm_platform_link_get (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	const NMPObject *obj;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	if (ifindex <= 0)
		return NULL;

	obj = nm_platform_link_get_obj (self, ifindex, TRUE);
	return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK (obj);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifname: the ifname
 *
 * Returns: the first #NMPlatformLink instance with the given name.
 **/
const NMPlatformLink *
nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname (NMPlatform *self, const char *ifname)
{
	const NMPObject *obj;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	if (!ifname || !*ifname)
		return NULL;

	obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full (nm_platform_get_cache (self),
	                                  0, ifname, TRUE, NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE, NULL, NULL);
	return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK (obj);
}

struct _nm_platform_link_get_by_address_data {
	gconstpointer address;
	guint8 length;
};

static gboolean
_nm_platform_link_get_by_address_match_link (const NMPObject *obj, struct _nm_platform_link_get_by_address_data *d)
{
	return obj->link.addr.len == d->length && !memcmp (obj->link.addr.data, d->address, d->length);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_by_address:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @address: a pointer to the binary hardware address
 * @length: the size of @address in bytes
 *
 * Returns: the first #NMPlatformLink object with a matching
 * address.
 **/
const NMPlatformLink *
nm_platform_link_get_by_address (NMPlatform *self,
                                 gconstpointer address,
                                 size_t length)
{
	const NMPObject *obj;
	struct _nm_platform_link_get_by_address_data d = {
		.address = address,
		.length = length,
	};

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	if (length == 0)
		return NULL;

	if (length > NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX)
		g_return_val_if_reached (NULL);
	if (!address)
		g_return_val_if_reached (NULL);

	obj = nmp_cache_lookup_link_full (nm_platform_get_cache (self),
	                                  0, NULL, TRUE, NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE,
	                                  (NMPObjectMatchFn) _nm_platform_link_get_by_address_match_link, &d);
	return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_LINK (obj);
}

static NMPlatformError
_link_add_check_existing (NMPlatform *self, const char *name, NMLinkType type, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *pllink;

	pllink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname (self, name);
	if (pllink) {
		gboolean wrong_type;

		wrong_type = type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE && pllink->type != type;
		_LOGD ("link: skip adding link due to existing interface '%s' of type %s%s%s",
		       name,
		       nm_link_type_to_string (pllink->type),
		       wrong_type ? ", expected " : "",
		       wrong_type ? nm_link_type_to_string (type) : "");
		if (out_link)
			*out_link = pllink;
		if (wrong_type)
			return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_WRONG_TYPE;
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_EXISTS;
	}
	if (out_link)
		*out_link = NULL;
	return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: Interface name
 * @type: Interface type
 * @veth_peer: For veths, the peer name
 * @address: (allow-none): set the mac address of the link
 * @address_len: the length of the @address
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Add a software interface.  If the interface already exists and is of type
 * @type, return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_EXISTS and returns the link
 * in @out_link.  If the interface already exists and is not of type @type,
 * return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_WRONG_TYPE.
 *
 * Any link-changed ADDED signal will be emitted directly, before this
 * function finishes.
 *
 * Returns: the error reason or NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS.
 */
static NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_add (NMPlatform *self,
                      const char *name,
                      NMLinkType type,
                      const char *veth_peer,
                      const void *address,
                      size_t address_len,
                      const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	NMPlatformError plerr;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (name, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail ( (address != NULL) ^ (address_len == 0) , NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail ((!!veth_peer) == (type == NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH), NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	plerr = _link_add_check_existing (self, name, type, out_link);
	if (plerr != NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS)
		return plerr;

	_LOGD ("link: adding %s '%s'", nm_link_type_to_string (type), name);
	if (!klass->link_add (self, name, type, veth_peer, address, address_len, out_link))
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;
	return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_veth_add (NMPlatform *self,
                            const char *name,
                            const char *peer,
                            const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return nm_platform_link_add (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH, peer, NULL, 0, out_link);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_dummy_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: New interface name
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create a software ethernet-like interface
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_dummy_add (NMPlatform *self,
                            const char *name,
                            const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return nm_platform_link_add (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_DUMMY, NULL, NULL, 0, out_link);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_delete:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_delete (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *pllink;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	pllink = nm_platform_link_get (self, ifindex);
	if (!pllink)
		return FALSE;

	_LOGD ("link: deleting '%s' (%d)", pllink->name, ifindex);
	return klass->link_delete (self, ifindex);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_set_netns:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 * @netns_fd: the file descriptor for the new netns.
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE on success.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_set_netns (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int netns_fd)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *pllink;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (netns_fd > 0, FALSE);

	pllink = nm_platform_link_get (self, ifindex);
	if (!pllink)
		return FALSE;

	_LOGD ("link: ifindex %d changing network namespace to %d", ifindex, netns_fd);
	return klass->link_set_netns (self, ifindex, netns_fd);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_index:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: Interface name
 *
 * Returns: The interface index corresponding to the given interface name
 * or 0. Inteface name is owned by #NMPlatform, don't free it.
 */
int
nm_platform_link_get_ifindex (NMPlatform *self, const char *name)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *pllink;

	pllink = nm_platform_link_get_by_ifname (self, name);
	return pllink ? pllink->ifindex : 0;
}

const char *
nm_platform_if_indextoname (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, char *out_ifname/* of size IFNAMSIZ */)
{
	_CHECK_SELF_NETNS (self, klass, netns, FALSE);

	return nmp_utils_if_indextoname (ifindex, out_ifname);
}

int
nm_platform_if_nametoindex (NMPlatform *self, const char *ifname)
{
	_CHECK_SELF_NETNS (self, klass, netns, FALSE);

	return nmp_utils_if_nametoindex (ifname);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_name:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: Interface name
 *
 * Returns: The interface name corresponding to the given interface index
 * or %NULL.
 */
const char *
nm_platform_link_get_name (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *pllink;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	pllink = nm_platform_link_get (self, ifindex);
	return pllink ? pllink->name : NULL;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_type:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index.
 *
 * Returns: Link type constant as defined in nm-platform.h. On error,
 * NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE is returned.
 */
NMLinkType
nm_platform_link_get_type (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *pllink;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE);

	pllink = nm_platform_link_get (self, ifindex);
	return pllink ? pllink->type : NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_type_name:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index.
 *
 * Returns: A string describing the type of link. In some cases this
 * may be more specific than nm_platform_link_get_type(), but in
 * other cases it may not. On error, %NULL is returned.
 */
const char *
nm_platform_link_get_type_name (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	const NMPObject *obj;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	obj = nm_platform_link_get_obj (self, ifindex, TRUE);

	if (!obj)
		return NULL;

	if (obj->link.type != NM_LINK_TYPE_UNKNOWN) {
		/* We could detect the @link_type. In this case the function returns
		 * our internel module names, which differs from rtnl_link_get_type():
		 *   - NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND (gives "infiniband", instead of "ipoib")
		 *   - NM_LINK_TYPE_TAP (gives "tap", instead of "tun").
		 * Note that this functions is only used by NMDeviceGeneric to
		 * set type_description. */
		return nm_link_type_to_string (obj->link.type);
	}
	/* Link type not detected. Fallback to rtnl_link_get_type()/IFLA_INFO_KIND. */
	return obj->link.kind ?: "unknown";
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_unmanaged:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: interface index
 * @unmanaged: management status (in case %TRUE is returned)
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE if platform overrides NM default-unmanaged status,
 * %FALSE otherwise (with @unmanaged unmodified).
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_get_unmanaged (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean *unmanaged)
{
	const NMPObject *link;
	struct udev_device *udevice = NULL;
	const char *uproperty;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	link = nmp_cache_lookup_link (nm_platform_get_cache (self), ifindex);
	if (!link)
		return FALSE;

	udevice = link->_link.udev.device;
	if (!udevice)
		return FALSE;

	uproperty = udev_device_get_property_value (udevice, "NM_UNMANAGED");
	if (!uproperty)
		return FALSE;

	*unmanaged = nm_udev_utils_property_as_boolean (uproperty);
	return TRUE;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_is_software:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index.
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE if ifindex belongs to a software interface, not backed by
 * a physical device.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_is_software (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	return (nm_platform_link_get_type (self, ifindex) & 0x10000);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_supports_slaves:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index.
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE if ifindex belongs to an interface capable of enslaving
 * other interfaces.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_supports_slaves (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	return (nm_platform_link_get_type (self, ifindex) & 0x20000);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_refresh:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * Reload the cache for ifindex synchronously.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_refresh (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);

	if (klass->link_refresh)
		return klass->link_refresh (self, ifindex);

	return TRUE;
}

static guint
_link_get_flags (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *pllink;

	pllink = nm_platform_link_get (self, ifindex);
	return pllink ? pllink->n_ifi_flags : IFF_NOARP;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_is_up:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * Check if the interface is up.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_is_up (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	return NM_FLAGS_HAS (_link_get_flags (self, ifindex), IFF_UP);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_is_connected:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * Check if the interface is connected.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_is_connected (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *pllink;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	pllink = nm_platform_link_get (self, ifindex);
	return pllink ? pllink->connected : FALSE;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_uses_arp:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * Check if the interface is configured to use ARP.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_uses_arp (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	return !NM_FLAGS_HAS (_link_get_flags (self, ifindex), IFF_NOARP);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_set_ipv6_token:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 * @iid: Tokenized interface identifier
 *
 * Sets then IPv6 tokenized interface identifier.
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE a tokenized identifier was available
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_set_ipv6_token (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMUtilsIPv6IfaceId iid)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (iid.id, FALSE);

	if (klass->link_set_token)
		return klass->link_set_token (self, ifindex, iid);
	return FALSE;
}

const char *
nm_platform_link_get_udi (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, NULL);

	if (klass->link_get_udi)
		return klass->link_get_udi (self, ifindex);
	return NULL;
}

struct udev_device *
nm_platform_link_get_udev_device (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	const NMPObject *obj_cache;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, NULL);

	obj_cache = nm_platform_link_get_obj (self, ifindex, FALSE);
	return obj_cache ? obj_cache->_link.udev.device : NULL;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_user_ip6vll_enabled:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * Check whether NM handles IPv6LL address creation for the link.  If the
 * platform or OS doesn't support changing the IPv6LL address mode, this call
 * will fail and return %FALSE.
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE if NM handles the IPv6LL address for @ifindex
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_get_user_ipv6ll_enabled (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *pllink;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, FALSE);

	pllink = nm_platform_link_get (self, ifindex);
	if (pllink && pllink->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv)
		return _nm_platform_uint8_inv (pllink->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv) == NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE;
	return FALSE;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_set_user_ip6vll_enabled:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * Set whether NM handles IPv6LL address creation for the link.  If the
 * platform or OS doesn't support changing the IPv6LL address mode, this call
 * will fail and return %FALSE.
 *
 * Returns: %NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS if the operation was successful or an error code otherwise.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean enabled)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	return klass->link_set_user_ipv6ll_enabled (self, ifindex, enabled);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_set_address:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 * @address: The new MAC address
 *
 * Set interface MAC address.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_set_address (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gconstpointer address, size_t length)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail (address, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail (length > 0, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	_LOGD ("link: setting %s (%d) hardware address",
	       nm_strquote_a (20, nm_platform_link_get_name (self, ifindex)),
	       ifindex);
	return klass->link_set_address (self, ifindex, address, length);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_address:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 * @length: Pointer to a variable to store address length
 *
 * Returns: the interface hardware address as an array of bytes of
 * length @length.
 */
gconstpointer
nm_platform_link_get_address (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, size_t *length)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *pllink;
	gconstpointer a = NULL;
	guint8 l = 0;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	if (length)
		*length = 0;

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, NULL);

	pllink = nm_platform_link_get (self, ifindex);
	if (pllink && pllink->addr.len > 0) {
		if (pllink->addr.len > NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX) {
			if (length)
				*length = 0;
			g_return_val_if_reached (NULL);
		}
		a = pllink->addr.data;
		l = pllink->addr.len;
	}

	if (length)
		*length = l;
	return a;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_permanent_address:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 * @buf: buffer of at least %NM_UTILS_HWADDR_LEN_MAX bytes, on success
 * the permanent hardware address
 * @length: Pointer to a variable to store address length
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE on success, %FALSE on failure to read the permanent hardware
 * address.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_get_permanent_address (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint8 *buf, size_t *length)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	if (length)
		*length = 0;

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (buf, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (length, FALSE);

	if (klass->link_get_permanent_address)
		return klass->link_get_permanent_address (self, ifindex, buf, length);
	return FALSE;
}

gboolean
nm_platform_link_supports_carrier_detect (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, FALSE);

	return klass->link_supports_carrier_detect (self, ifindex);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_link_supports_vlans (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, FALSE);

	return klass->link_supports_vlans (self, ifindex);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_link_supports_sriov (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, FALSE);

	return klass->link_supports_sriov (self, ifindex);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_link_set_sriov_num_vfs (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint num_vfs)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("link: setting %u VFs for %s (%d)",
	       num_vfs,
	       nm_strquote_a (25, nm_platform_link_get_name (self, ifindex)),
	       ifindex);
	return klass->link_set_sriov_num_vfs (self, ifindex, num_vfs);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_set_up:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 * @out_no_firmware: (allow-none): if the failure reason is due to missing firmware.
 *
 * Bring the interface up.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_set_up (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean *out_no_firmware)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("link: setting up %s (%d)", nm_strquote_a (25, nm_platform_link_get_name (self, ifindex)), ifindex);
	return klass->link_set_up (self, ifindex, out_no_firmware);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_set_down:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * Take the interface down.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_set_down (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("link: setting down %s (%d)", nm_strquote_a (25, nm_platform_link_get_name (self, ifindex)), ifindex);
	return klass->link_set_down (self, ifindex);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_set_arp:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * Enable ARP on the interface.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_set_arp (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("link: setting arp %s (%d)", nm_strquote_a (25, nm_platform_link_get_name (self, ifindex)), ifindex);
	return klass->link_set_arp (self, ifindex);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_set_noarp:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * Disable ARP on the interface.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_set_noarp (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("link: setting noarp '%s' (%d)", nm_platform_link_get_name (self, ifindex), ifindex);
	return klass->link_set_noarp (self, ifindex);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_set_mtu:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 * @mtu: The new MTU value
 *
 * Set interface MTU.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_set_mtu (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 mtu)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (mtu > 0, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("link: setting '%s' (%d) mtu %"G_GUINT32_FORMAT, nm_platform_link_get_name (self, ifindex), ifindex, mtu);
	return klass->link_set_mtu (self, ifindex, mtu);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_mtu:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * Returns: MTU value for the interface or 0 on error.
 */
guint32
nm_platform_link_get_mtu (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *pllink;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, 0);

	pllink = nm_platform_link_get (self, ifindex);
	return pllink ? pllink->mtu : 0;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_physical_port_id:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * The physical port ID, if present, indicates some unique identifier of
 * the parent interface (eg, the physical port of which this link is a child).
 * Two links that report the same physical port ID can be assumed to be
 * children of the same physical port and may share resources that limit
 * their abilities.
 *
 * Returns: physical port ID for the interface, or %NULL on error
 * or if the interface has no physical port ID.
 */
char *
nm_platform_link_get_physical_port_id (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, NULL);

	if (klass->link_get_physical_port_id)
		return klass->link_get_physical_port_id (self, ifindex);
	return NULL;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_dev_id:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * In contrast to the physical device ID (which indicates which parent a
 * child has) the device ID differentiates sibling devices that may share
 * the same MAC address.
 *
 * Returns: device ID for the interface, or 0 on error or if the
 * interface has no device ID.
 */
guint
nm_platform_link_get_dev_id (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, 0);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, 0);

	if (klass->link_get_dev_id)
		return klass->link_get_dev_id (self, ifindex);
	return 0;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_wake_onlan:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 *
 * Returns: the "Wake-on-LAN" status for @ifindex.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_get_wake_on_lan (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, FALSE);

	if (klass->link_get_wake_on_lan)
		return klass->link_get_wake_on_lan (self, ifindex);
	return FALSE;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_driver_info:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 * @out_driver_name: (transfer full): on success, the driver name if available
 * @out_driver_version: (transfer full): on success, the driver version if available
 * @out_fw_version: (transfer full): on success, the firmware version if available
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE on success (though @out_driver_name, @out_driver_version and
 * @out_fw_version can be %NULL if no information was available), %FALSE on
 * failure.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_get_driver_info (NMPlatform *self,
                                  int ifindex,
                                  char **out_driver_name,
                                  char **out_driver_version,
                                  char **out_fw_version)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex >= 0, FALSE);

	return klass->link_get_driver_info (self,
	                                    ifindex,
	                                    out_driver_name,
	                                    out_driver_version,
	                                    out_fw_version);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_enslave:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @master: Interface index of the master
 * @slave: Interface index of the slave
 *
 * Enslave @slave to @master.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_enslave (NMPlatform *self, int master, int slave)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (master > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (slave> 0, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("link: enslaving '%s' (%d) to master '%s' (%d)",
	       nm_platform_link_get_name (self, slave), slave,
	       nm_platform_link_get_name (self, master), master);
	return klass->link_enslave (self, master, slave);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_release:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @master: Interface index of the master
 * @slave: Interface index of the slave
 *
 * Release @slave from @master.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_link_release (NMPlatform *self, int master, int slave)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (master > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (slave > 0, FALSE);

	if (nm_platform_link_get_master (self, slave) != master)
		return FALSE;

	_LOGD ("link: releasing '%s' (%d) from master '%s' (%d)",
	       nm_platform_link_get_name (self, slave), slave,
	       nm_platform_link_get_name (self, master), master);
	return klass->link_release (self, master, slave);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_master:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @slave: Interface index of the slave.
 *
 * Returns: Interface index of the slave's master.
 */
int
nm_platform_link_get_master (NMPlatform *self, int slave)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *pllink;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, 0);

	g_return_val_if_fail (slave >= 0, FALSE);

	pllink = nm_platform_link_get (self, slave);
	return pllink ? pllink->master : 0;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

gboolean
nm_platform_link_can_assume (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	if (klass->link_can_assume)
		return klass->link_can_assume (self, ifindex);
	g_return_val_if_reached (FALSE);
}

/*****************************************************************************/

/**
 * nm_platform_link_get_lnk:
 * @self: the platform instance
 * @ifindex: the link ifindex to lookup
 * @link_type: filter by link-type.
 * @out_link: (allow-none): returns the platform link instance
 *
 * If the function returns %NULL, that could mean that no such ifindex
 * exists, of that the link has no lnk data. You can find that out
 * by checking @out_link. @out_link will always be set if a link
 * with @ifindex exists.
 *
 * If @link_type is %NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE, the function returns the lnk
 * object if it is present. If you set link-type, you can be sure
 * that only a link type of the matching type is returned (or %NULL).
 *
 * Returns: the internal link lnk object. The returned object
 * is owned by the platform cache and must not be modified. Note
 * however, that the object is guaranteed to be immutable, so
 * you can savely take a reference and keep it for yourself
 * (but don't modify it).
 */
const NMPObject *
nm_platform_link_get_lnk (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMLinkType link_type, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	const NMPObject *obj;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	NM_SET_OUT (out_link, NULL);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, NULL);

	obj = nm_platform_link_get_obj (self, ifindex, TRUE);
	if (!obj)
		return NULL;

	NM_SET_OUT (out_link, &obj->link);

	if (!obj->_link.netlink.lnk)
		return NULL;
	if (   link_type != NM_LINK_TYPE_NONE
	    && (   link_type != obj->link.type
	        || link_type != NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS (obj->_link.netlink.lnk)->lnk_link_type))
		return NULL;

	return obj->_link.netlink.lnk;
}

static gconstpointer
_link_get_lnk (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMLinkType link_type, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	const NMPObject *lnk;

	lnk = nm_platform_link_get_lnk (self, ifindex, link_type, out_link);
	return lnk ? &lnk->object : NULL;
}

const NMPlatformLnkGre *
nm_platform_link_get_lnk_gre (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return _link_get_lnk (self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE, out_link);
}

const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *
nm_platform_link_get_lnk_infiniband (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return _link_get_lnk (self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND, out_link);
}

const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *
nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ip6tnl (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return _link_get_lnk (self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL, out_link);
}

const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *
nm_platform_link_get_lnk_ipip (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return _link_get_lnk (self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP, out_link);
}

const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *
nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macsec (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return _link_get_lnk (self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC, out_link);
}

const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *
nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macvlan (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return _link_get_lnk (self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN, out_link);
}

const NMPlatformLnkMacvtap *
nm_platform_link_get_lnk_macvtap (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return _link_get_lnk (self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP, out_link);
}

const NMPlatformLnkSit *
nm_platform_link_get_lnk_sit (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return _link_get_lnk (self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT, out_link);
}

const NMPlatformLnkVlan *
nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vlan (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return _link_get_lnk (self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN, out_link);
}

const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *
nm_platform_link_get_lnk_vxlan (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return _link_get_lnk (self, ifindex, NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN, out_link);
}

/*****************************************************************************/

/**
 * nm_platform_link_bridge_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: New interface name
 * @address: (allow-none): set the mac address of the new bridge
 * @address_len: the length of the @address
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create a software bridge.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_bridge_add (NMPlatform *self,
                             const char *name,
                             const void *address,
                             size_t address_len,
                             const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return nm_platform_link_add (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE, NULL, address, address_len, out_link);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_bond_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: New interface name
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create a software bonding device.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_bond_add (NMPlatform *self,
                           const char *name,
                           const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return nm_platform_link_add (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND, NULL, NULL, 0, out_link);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_team_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: New interface name
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create a software teaming device.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_team_add (NMPlatform *self,
                           const char *name,
                           const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return nm_platform_link_add (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_TEAM, NULL, NULL, 0, out_link);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_vlan_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: New interface name
 * @vlanid: VLAN identifier
 * @vlanflags: VLAN flags from libnm
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create a software VLAN device.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_vlan_add (NMPlatform *self,
                           const char *name,
                           int parent,
                           int vlanid,
                           guint32 vlanflags,
                           const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	NMPlatformError plerr;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (parent >= 0, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail (vlanid >= 0, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail (name, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	plerr = _link_add_check_existing (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VLAN, out_link);
	if (plerr != NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS)
		return plerr;

	_LOGD ("link: adding vlan '%s' parent %d vlanid %d vlanflags %x",
	       name, parent, vlanid, vlanflags);
	if (!klass->vlan_add (self, name, parent, vlanid, vlanflags, out_link))
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;
	return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_vxlan_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: New interface name
 * @props: properties of the new link
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create a VXLAN device.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_vxlan_add (NMPlatform *self,
                            const char *name,
                            const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *props,
                            const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	NMPlatformError plerr;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (props, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	plerr = _link_add_check_existing (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_VXLAN, out_link);
	if (plerr != NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS)
		return plerr;

	_LOGD ("link: adding vxlan '%s' parent %d id %d",
	       name, props->parent_ifindex, props->id);
	if (!klass->link_vxlan_add (self, name, props, out_link))
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;
	return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_tun_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: new interface name
 * @tap: whether the interface is a TAP
 * @owner: interface owner or -1
 * @group: interface group or -1
 * @pi: whether to clear the IFF_NO_PI flag
 * @vnet_hdr: whether to set the IFF_VNET_HDR flag
 * @multi_queue: whether to set the IFF_MULTI_QUEUE flag
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create a TUN or TAP interface.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_tun_add (NMPlatform *self,
                          const char *name,
                          gboolean tap,
                          gint64 owner,
                          gint64 group,
                          gboolean pi,
                          gboolean vnet_hdr,
                          gboolean multi_queue,
                          const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	NMPlatformError plerr;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (name, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	plerr = _link_add_check_existing (self, name, tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_TAP : NM_LINK_TYPE_TUN, out_link);
	if (plerr != NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS)
		return plerr;

	_LOGD ("link: adding %s '%s' owner %" G_GINT64_FORMAT " group %" G_GINT64_FORMAT,
	       tap ? "tap" : "tun", name, owner, group);
	if (!klass->tun_add (self, name, tap, owner, group, pi, vnet_hdr, multi_queue, out_link))
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;
	return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

static gboolean
link_set_option (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *category, const char *option, const char *value)
{
	nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
	char ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
	const char *path;

	if (!category || !option)
		return FALSE;

	dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir (self, ifindex, ifname_verified);
	if (dirfd < 0)
		return FALSE;

	path = nm_sprintf_bufa (strlen (category) + strlen (option) + 2,
	                        "%s/%s",
	                        category, option);
	return nm_platform_sysctl_set (self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR_unsafe (dirfd, ifname_verified, path), value);
}

static char *
link_get_option (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *category, const char *option)
{
	nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
	char ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
	const char *path;

	if (!category || !option)
		return NULL;

	dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir (self, ifindex, ifname_verified);
	if (dirfd < 0)
		return NULL;

	path = nm_sprintf_bufa (strlen (category) + strlen (option) + 2,
	                        "%s/%s",
	                        category, option);
	return nm_platform_sysctl_get (self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR_unsafe (dirfd, ifname_verified, path));
}

static const char *
master_category (NMPlatform *self, int master)
{
	switch (nm_platform_link_get_type (self, master)) {
	case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
		return "bridge";
	case NM_LINK_TYPE_BOND:
		return "bonding";
	default:
		return NULL;
	}
}

static const char *
slave_category (NMPlatform *self, int slave)
{
	int master = nm_platform_link_get_master (self, slave);

	if (master <= 0)
		return NULL;

	switch (nm_platform_link_get_type (self, master)) {
	case NM_LINK_TYPE_BRIDGE:
		return "brport";
	default:
		return NULL;
	}
}

gboolean
nm_platform_sysctl_master_set_option (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *option, const char *value)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (option, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (value, FALSE);

	return link_set_option (self, ifindex, master_category (self, ifindex), option, value);
}

char *
nm_platform_sysctl_master_get_option (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *option)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (option, FALSE);

	return link_get_option (self, ifindex, master_category (self, ifindex), option);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_sysctl_slave_set_option (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *option, const char *value)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (option, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (value, FALSE);

	return link_set_option (self, ifindex, slave_category (self, ifindex), option, value);
}

char *
nm_platform_sysctl_slave_get_option (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const char *option)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (option, FALSE);

	return link_get_option (self, ifindex, slave_category (self, ifindex), option);
}

/*****************************************************************************/

gboolean
nm_platform_link_vlan_change (NMPlatform *self,
                              int ifindex,
                              NMVlanFlags flags_mask,
                              NMVlanFlags flags_set,
                              gboolean ingress_reset_all,
                              const NMVlanQosMapping *ingress_map,
                              gsize n_ingress_map,
                              gboolean egress_reset_all,
                              const NMVlanQosMapping *egress_map,
                              gsize n_egress_map)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	nm_assert (klass->link_vlan_change);

	g_return_val_if_fail (!n_ingress_map || ingress_map, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (!n_egress_map || egress_map, FALSE);

	flags_set &= flags_mask;

	if (_LOGD_ENABLED ()) {
		char buf[512];
		char *b = buf;
		gsize len, i;

		b[0] = '\0';
		len = sizeof (buf);

		if (flags_mask)
			nm_utils_strbuf_append (&b, &len, " flags 0x%x/0x%x", (unsigned) flags_set, (unsigned) flags_mask);

		if (ingress_reset_all || n_ingress_map) {
			nm_utils_strbuf_append_str (&b, &len, " ingress-qos-map");
			nm_platform_vlan_qos_mapping_to_string ("", ingress_map, n_ingress_map, b, len);
			i = strlen (b);
			b += i;
			len -= i;
			if (ingress_reset_all)
				nm_utils_strbuf_append_str (&b, &len, " (reset-all)");
		}

		if (egress_reset_all || n_egress_map) {
			nm_utils_strbuf_append_str (&b, &len, " egress-qos-map");
			nm_platform_vlan_qos_mapping_to_string ("", egress_map, n_egress_map, b, len);
			i = strlen (b);
			b += i;
			len -= i;
			if (egress_reset_all)
				nm_utils_strbuf_append_str (&b, &len, " (reset-all)");
		}

		_LOGD ("link: change vlan %d:%s", ifindex, buf);
	}
	return klass->link_vlan_change (self,
	                                ifindex,
	                                flags_mask,
	                                flags_set,
	                                ingress_reset_all,
	                                ingress_map,
	                                n_ingress_map,
	                                egress_reset_all,
	                                egress_map,
	                                n_egress_map);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_link_vlan_set_ingress_map (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int from, int to)
{
	NMVlanQosMapping map = {
		.from = from,
		.to = to,
	};

	return nm_platform_link_vlan_change (self, ifindex, 0, 0, FALSE, &map, 1, FALSE, NULL, 0);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_link_vlan_set_egress_map (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int from, int to)
{
	NMVlanQosMapping map = {
		.from = from,
		.to = to,
	};

	return nm_platform_link_vlan_change (self, ifindex, 0, 0, FALSE, NULL, 0, FALSE, &map, 1);
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_gre_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: name of the new interface
 * @props: interface properties
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create a software GRE device.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_gre_add (NMPlatform *self,
                          const char *name,
                          const NMPlatformLnkGre *props,
                          const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	NMPlatformError plerr;
	char buffer[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (props, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail (name, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	plerr = _link_add_check_existing (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_GRE, out_link);
	if (plerr != NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS)
		return plerr;

	_LOGD (LOG_FMT_IP_TUNNEL,
	       "gre",
	       name,
	       props->parent_ifindex,
	       nm_utils_inet4_ntop (props->local, NULL),
	       nm_utils_inet4_ntop (props->remote, buffer));

	if (!klass->link_gre_add (self, name, props, out_link))
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;
	return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

static NMPlatformError
_infiniband_add_add_or_delete (NMPlatform *self,
                               int parent,
                               int p_key,
                               gboolean add,
                               const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	char name[IFNAMSIZ];
	const NMPlatformLink *parent_link;
	NMPlatformError plerr;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (parent >= 0, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail (p_key >= 0 && p_key <= 0xffff, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	/* the special keys 0x0000 and 0x8000 are not allowed. */
	if (NM_IN_SET (p_key, 0, 0x8000))
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;

	parent_link = nm_platform_link_get (self, parent);
	if (!parent_link)
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;

	if (parent_link->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND)
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_WRONG_TYPE;

	nm_utils_new_infiniband_name (name, parent_link->name, p_key);

	if (add) {
		plerr = _link_add_check_existing (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND, out_link);
		if (plerr != NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS)
			return plerr;

		_LOGD ("link: adding infiniband partition %s for parent '%s' (%d), key %d",
		       name, parent_link->name, parent, p_key);
		if (!klass->infiniband_partition_add (self, parent, p_key, out_link))
			return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;
	} else {
		if (!klass->infiniband_partition_delete (self, parent, p_key))
			return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;
	}

	return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_infiniband_add (NMPlatform *self,
                                 int parent,
                                 int p_key,
                                 const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	return _infiniband_add_add_or_delete (self, parent, p_key, TRUE, out_link);
}

NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_infiniband_delete (NMPlatform *self,
                                   int parent,
                                   int p_key)
{
	return _infiniband_add_add_or_delete (self, parent, p_key, FALSE, NULL);
}


gboolean
nm_platform_link_infiniband_get_properties (NMPlatform *self,
                                            int ifindex,
                                            int *out_parent,
                                            int *out_p_key,
                                            const char **out_mode)
{
	nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
	char ifname_verified[IFNAMSIZ];
	const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *plnk;
	const NMPlatformLink *plink;
	char *contents;
	const char *mode;
	int p_key = 0;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);

	plnk = nm_platform_link_get_lnk_infiniband (self, ifindex, &plink);

	if (   !plink
	    || plink->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_INFINIBAND)
		return FALSE;

	if (plnk) {
		NM_SET_OUT (out_parent, plink->parent);
		NM_SET_OUT (out_p_key, plnk->p_key);
		NM_SET_OUT (out_mode, plnk->mode);
		return TRUE;
	}

	/* Could not get the link information via netlink. To support older kernels,
	 * fallback to reading sysfs. */

	dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir (self, ifindex, ifname_verified);
	if (dirfd < 0)
		return FALSE;

	contents = nm_platform_sysctl_get (self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR (dirfd, ifname_verified, "mode"));
	if (!contents)
		return FALSE;
	if (strstr (contents, "datagram"))
		mode = "datagram";
	else if (strstr (contents, "connected"))
		mode = "connected";
	else
		mode = NULL;
	g_free (contents);

	p_key = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked (self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR (dirfd, ifname_verified, "pkey"), 16, 0, 0xFFFF, -1);
	if (p_key < 0)
		return FALSE;

	NM_SET_OUT (out_parent, plink->parent);
	NM_SET_OUT (out_p_key, p_key);
	NM_SET_OUT (out_mode, mode);
	return TRUE;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_ip6tnl_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: name of the new interface
 * @props: interface properties
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create an IPv6 tunnel.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_ip6tnl_add (NMPlatform *self,
                             const char *name,
                             const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *props,
                             const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	NMPlatformError plerr;
	char buffer[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (props, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail (name, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	plerr = _link_add_check_existing (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_IP6TNL, out_link);
	if (plerr != NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS)
		return plerr;

	_LOGD (LOG_FMT_IP_TUNNEL,
	       "ip6tnl",
	       name,
	       props->parent_ifindex,
	       nm_utils_inet6_ntop (&props->local, NULL),
	       nm_utils_inet6_ntop (&props->remote, buffer));

	if (!klass->link_ip6tnl_add (self, name, props, out_link))
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;
	return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_ipip_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: name of the new interface
 * @props: interface properties
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create an IPIP tunnel.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_ipip_add (NMPlatform *self,
                           const char *name,
                           const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *props,
                           const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	NMPlatformError plerr;
	char buffer[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (props, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail (name, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	plerr = _link_add_check_existing (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_IPIP, out_link);
	if (plerr != NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS)
		return plerr;

	_LOGD (LOG_FMT_IP_TUNNEL,
	       "ipip",
	       name,
		   props->parent_ifindex,
	       nm_utils_inet4_ntop (props->local, NULL),
	       nm_utils_inet4_ntop (props->remote, buffer));

	if (!klass->link_ipip_add (self, name, props, out_link))
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;
	return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_macsec_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: name of the new interface
 * @props: interface properties
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create a MACsec interface.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_macsec_add (NMPlatform *self,
                             const char *name,
                             int parent,
                             const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *props,
                             const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	NMPlatformError plerr;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (props, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail (name, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	plerr = _link_add_check_existing (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_MACSEC, out_link);
	if (plerr != NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS)
		return plerr;

	_LOGD ("adding macsec '%s' parent %u sci %llx",
	       name,
	       parent,
	       (unsigned long long) props->sci);

	if (!klass->link_macsec_add (self, name, parent, props, out_link))
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;
	return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_macvlan_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: name of the new interface
 * @props: interface properties
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create a MACVLAN or MACVTAP device.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_macvlan_add (NMPlatform *self,
                              const char *name,
                              int parent,
                              const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *props,
                              const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	NMPlatformError plerr;
	NMLinkType type;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (props, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail (name, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	type = props->tap ? NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVTAP : NM_LINK_TYPE_MACVLAN;

	plerr = _link_add_check_existing (self, name, type, out_link);
	if (plerr != NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS)
		return plerr;

	_LOGD ("adding %s '%s' parent %u mode %u",
	       props->tap ? "macvtap" : "macvlan",
	       name,
	       parent,
	       props->mode);

	if (!klass->link_macvlan_add (self, name, parent, props, out_link))
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;
	return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_sit_add:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @name: name of the new interface
 * @props: interface properties
 * @out_link: on success, the link object
 *
 * Create a software SIT device.
 */
NMPlatformError
nm_platform_link_sit_add (NMPlatform *self,
                          const char *name,
                          const NMPlatformLnkSit *props,
                          const NMPlatformLink **out_link)
{
	NMPlatformError plerr;
	char buffer[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	g_return_val_if_fail (props, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);
	g_return_val_if_fail (name, NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_BUG);

	plerr = _link_add_check_existing (self, name, NM_LINK_TYPE_SIT, out_link);
	if (plerr != NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS)
		return plerr;

	_LOGD (LOG_FMT_IP_TUNNEL,
	       "sit",
	       name,
	       props->parent_ifindex,
	       nm_utils_inet4_ntop (props->local, NULL),
	       nm_utils_inet4_ntop (props->remote, buffer));

	if (!klass->link_sit_add (self, name, props, out_link))
		return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_UNSPECIFIED;
	return NM_PLATFORM_ERROR_SUCCESS;
}

gboolean
nm_platform_link_veth_get_properties (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, int *out_peer_ifindex)
{
	const NMPlatformLink *plink;
	int peer_ifindex;
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	plink = nm_platform_link_get (self, ifindex);

	if (!plink)
		return FALSE;
	if (plink->type != NM_LINK_TYPE_VETH)
		return FALSE;

	if (plink->parent != 0) {
		NM_SET_OUT (out_peer_ifindex, plink->parent);
		return TRUE;
	}

	/* Pre-4.1 kernel did not expose the peer_ifindex as IFA_LINK. Lookup via ethtool. */
	if (out_peer_ifindex) {
		nm_auto_pop_netns NMPNetns *netns = NULL;

		if (!nm_platform_netns_push (self, &netns))
			return FALSE;
		peer_ifindex = nmp_utils_ethtool_get_peer_ifindex (plink->ifindex);
		if (peer_ifindex <= 0)
			return FALSE;

		*out_peer_ifindex = peer_ifindex;
	}
	return TRUE;
}

gboolean
nm_platform_link_tun_get_properties (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMPlatformTunProperties *props)
{
	nm_auto_close int dirfd = -1;
	char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
	gint64 flags;
	gboolean success = TRUE;
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (props, FALSE);

	memset (props, 0, sizeof (*props));
	props->owner = -1;
	props->group = -1;

	dirfd = nm_platform_sysctl_open_netdir (self, ifindex, ifname);
	if (dirfd < 0)
		return FALSE;

	props->owner = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked (self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR (dirfd, ifname, "owner"), 10, -1, G_MAXINT64, -1);
	if (errno)
		success = FALSE;

	props->group = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked (self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR (dirfd, ifname, "group"), 10, -1, G_MAXINT64, -1);
	if (errno)
		success = FALSE;

	flags = nm_platform_sysctl_get_int_checked (self, NMP_SYSCTL_PATHID_NETDIR (dirfd, ifname, "tun_flags"), 16, 0, G_MAXINT64, -1);
	if (flags >= 0) {
		props->mode = ((flags & (IFF_TUN | IFF_TAP)) == IFF_TUN) ? "tun" : "tap";
		props->no_pi = !!(flags & IFF_NO_PI);
		props->vnet_hdr = !!(flags & IFF_VNET_HDR);
		props->multi_queue = !!(flags & NM_IFF_MULTI_QUEUE);
	} else
		success = FALSE;

	return success;
}

gboolean
nm_platform_wifi_get_capabilities (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMDeviceWifiCapabilities *caps)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);

	return klass->wifi_get_capabilities (self, ifindex, caps);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_wifi_get_bssid (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint8 *bssid)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);

	return klass->wifi_get_bssid (self, ifindex, bssid);
}

guint32
nm_platform_wifi_get_frequency (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, 0);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, 0);

	return klass->wifi_get_frequency (self, ifindex);
}

int
nm_platform_wifi_get_quality (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, 0);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, 0);

	return klass->wifi_get_quality (self, ifindex);
}

guint32
nm_platform_wifi_get_rate (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, 0);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, 0);

	return klass->wifi_get_rate (self, ifindex);
}

NM80211Mode
nm_platform_wifi_get_mode (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, NM_802_11_MODE_UNKNOWN);

	return klass->wifi_get_mode (self, ifindex);
}

void
nm_platform_wifi_set_mode (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NM80211Mode mode)
{
	_CHECK_SELF_VOID (self, klass);

	g_return_if_fail (ifindex > 0);

	klass->wifi_set_mode (self, ifindex, mode);
}

static void
wifi_set_powersave (NMPlatform *p, int ifindex, guint32 powersave)
{
	/* empty */
}

void
nm_platform_wifi_set_powersave (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 powersave)
{
	_CHECK_SELF_VOID (self, klass);

	g_return_if_fail (ifindex > 0);

	klass->wifi_set_powersave (self, ifindex, powersave);
}

guint32
nm_platform_wifi_find_frequency (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const guint32 *freqs)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, 0);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, 0);
	g_return_val_if_fail (freqs != NULL, 0);

	return klass->wifi_find_frequency (self, ifindex, freqs);
}

void
nm_platform_wifi_indicate_addressing_running (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean running)
{
	_CHECK_SELF_VOID (self, klass);

	g_return_if_fail (ifindex > 0);

	klass->wifi_indicate_addressing_running (self, ifindex, running);
}

guint32
nm_platform_mesh_get_channel (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, 0);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, 0);

	return klass->mesh_get_channel (self, ifindex);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_mesh_set_channel (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 channel)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);

	return klass->mesh_set_channel (self, ifindex, channel);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_mesh_set_ssid (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const guint8 *ssid, gsize len)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (ssid != NULL, FALSE);

	return klass->mesh_set_ssid (self, ifindex, ssid, len);
}

#define TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE (5+15+1)
static const char *
_to_string_dev (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, char *buf, size_t size)
{
	g_assert (buf && size >= TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE);

	if (ifindex) {
		const char *name = ifindex > 0 && self ? nm_platform_link_get_name (self, ifindex) : NULL;
		char *buf2;

		strcpy (buf, " dev ");
		buf2 = buf + 5;
		size -= 5;

		if (name)
			g_strlcpy (buf2, name, size);
		else
			g_snprintf (buf2, size, "%d", ifindex);
	} else
		buf[0] = 0;

	return buf;
}

#define TO_STRING_IFA_FLAGS_BUF_SIZE 256

static const char *
_to_string_ifa_flags (guint32 ifa_flags, char *buf, gsize size)
{
#define S_FLAGS_PREFIX " flags "
	nm_assert (buf && size >= TO_STRING_IFA_FLAGS_BUF_SIZE && size > NM_STRLEN (S_FLAGS_PREFIX));

	if (!ifa_flags)
		buf[0] = '\0';
	else {
		nm_platform_addr_flags2str (ifa_flags, &buf[NM_STRLEN (S_FLAGS_PREFIX)], size - NM_STRLEN (S_FLAGS_PREFIX));
		if (buf[NM_STRLEN (S_FLAGS_PREFIX)] == '\0')
			buf[0] = '\0';
		else
			memcpy (buf, S_FLAGS_PREFIX, NM_STRLEN (S_FLAGS_PREFIX));
	}
	return buf;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

gboolean
nm_platform_ethtool_set_wake_on_lan (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMSettingWiredWakeOnLan wol, const char *wol_password)
{
	_CHECK_SELF_NETNS (self, klass, netns, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);

	return nmp_utils_ethtool_set_wake_on_lan (ifindex, wol, wol_password);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_ethtool_set_link_settings (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean autoneg, guint32 speed, NMPlatformLinkDuplexType duplex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF_NETNS (self, klass, netns, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);

	return nmp_utils_ethtool_set_link_settings (ifindex, autoneg, speed, duplex);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_ethtool_get_link_settings (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, gboolean *out_autoneg, guint32 *out_speed,  NMPlatformLinkDuplexType *out_duplex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF_NETNS (self, klass, netns, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);

	return nmp_utils_ethtool_get_link_settings (ifindex, out_autoneg, out_speed, out_duplex);
}

/*****************************************************************************/

const NMDedupMultiHeadEntry *
nm_platform_lookup (NMPlatform *self,
                    const NMPLookup *lookup)
{
	return nmp_cache_lookup (nm_platform_get_cache (self),
	                         lookup);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_lookup_predicate_routes_skip_rtprot_kernel (const NMPObject *obj,
                                                        gpointer user_data)
{
	nm_assert (NM_IN_SET (NMP_OBJECT_GET_TYPE (obj), NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
	                                                 NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE));
	return obj->ip_route.rt_source != NM_IP_CONFIG_SOURCE_RTPROT_KERNEL;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_lookup_clone:
 * @self:
 * @lookup:
 * @predicate: if given, only objects for which @predicate returns %TRUE are included
 *   in the result.
 * @user_data: user data for @predicate
 *
 * Returns the result of lookup in a GPtrArray. The result array contains
 * references objects from the cache, it's destroy function will unref them.
 *
 * The user must unref the GPtrArray, which will also unref the NMPObject
 * elements.
 *
 * The elements in the array *must* not be modified.
 *
 * Returns: the result of the lookup.
 */
GPtrArray *
nm_platform_lookup_clone (NMPlatform *self,
                          const NMPLookup *lookup,
                          gboolean (*predicate) (const NMPObject *obj, gpointer user_data),
                          gpointer user_data)
{
	return nm_dedup_multi_objs_to_ptr_array_head (nm_platform_lookup (self, lookup),
	                                              (NMDedupMultiFcnSelectPredicate) predicate,
	                                              user_data);
}

void
nm_platform_ip4_address_set_addr (NMPlatformIP4Address *addr, in_addr_t address, guint8 plen)
{
	nm_assert (plen <= 32);

	addr->address = address;
	addr->peer_address = address;
	addr->plen = plen;
}

const struct in6_addr *
nm_platform_ip6_address_get_peer (const NMPlatformIP6Address *addr)
{
	if (   IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED (&addr->peer_address)
	    || IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL (&addr->peer_address, &addr->address))
		return &addr->address;
	return &addr->peer_address;
}

static GArray *
ipx_address_get_all (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, NMPObjectType obj_type)
{
	NMPLookup lookup;

	nm_assert (NM_IN_SET (obj_type, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS));
	nmp_lookup_init_addrroute (&lookup,
	                           obj_type,
	                           ifindex);
	return nmp_cache_lookup_to_array (nmp_cache_lookup (nm_platform_get_cache (self), &lookup),
	                                  obj_type,
	                                  FALSE /*addresses are always visible. */);
}

GArray *
nm_platform_ip4_address_get_all (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, NULL);

	return ipx_address_get_all (self, ifindex, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ADDRESS);
}

GArray *
nm_platform_ip6_address_get_all (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, NULL);

	return ipx_address_get_all (self, ifindex, NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ADDRESS);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_ip4_address_add (NMPlatform *self,
                             int ifindex,
                             in_addr_t address,
                             guint8 plen,
                             in_addr_t peer_address,
                             guint32 lifetime,
                             guint32 preferred,
                             guint32 flags,
                             const char *label)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (plen <= 32, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (lifetime > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (preferred <= lifetime, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (!label || strlen (label) < sizeof (((NMPlatformIP4Address *) NULL)->label), FALSE);

	if (_LOGD_ENABLED ()) {
		NMPlatformIP4Address addr = { 0 };

		addr.ifindex = ifindex;
		addr.address = address;
		addr.peer_address = peer_address;
		addr.plen = plen;
		addr.timestamp = 0; /* set it at zero, which to_string will treat as *now* */
		addr.lifetime = lifetime;
		addr.preferred = preferred;
		addr.n_ifa_flags = flags;
		if (label)
			g_strlcpy (addr.label, label, sizeof (addr.label));

		_LOGD ("address: adding or updating IPv4 address: %s", nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string (&addr, NULL, 0));
	}
	return klass->ip4_address_add (self, ifindex, address, plen, peer_address, lifetime, preferred, flags, label);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_ip6_address_add (NMPlatform *self,
                             int ifindex,
                             struct in6_addr address,
                             guint8 plen,
                             struct in6_addr peer_address,
                             guint32 lifetime,
                             guint32 preferred,
                             guint32 flags)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (plen <= 128, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (lifetime > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (preferred <= lifetime, FALSE);

	if (_LOGD_ENABLED ()) {
		NMPlatformIP6Address addr = { 0 };

		addr.ifindex = ifindex;
		addr.address = address;
		addr.peer_address = peer_address;
		addr.plen = plen;
		addr.timestamp = 0; /* set it to zero, which to_string will treat as *now* */
		addr.lifetime = lifetime;
		addr.preferred = preferred;
		addr.n_ifa_flags = flags;

		_LOGD ("address: adding or updating IPv6 address: %s", nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string (&addr, NULL, 0));
	}
	return klass->ip6_address_add (self, ifindex, address, plen, peer_address, lifetime, preferred, flags);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_ip4_address_delete (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, in_addr_t address, guint8 plen, in_addr_t peer_address)
{
	char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
	char str_peer2[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_peer[100];

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (plen <= 32, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("address: deleting IPv4 address %s/%d, %sifindex %d%s",
	       nm_utils_inet4_ntop (address, NULL), plen,
	       peer_address != address
	           ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_peer, "peer %s, ", nm_utils_inet4_ntop (peer_address, str_peer2)) : "",
	       ifindex,
	       _to_string_dev (self, ifindex, str_dev, sizeof (str_dev)));
	return klass->ip4_address_delete (self, ifindex, address, plen, peer_address);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_ip6_address_delete (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, struct in6_addr address, guint8 plen)
{
	char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (ifindex > 0, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (plen <= 128, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("address: deleting IPv6 address %s/%d, ifindex %d%s",
	       nm_utils_inet6_ntop (&address, NULL), plen, ifindex,
	       _to_string_dev (self, ifindex, str_dev, sizeof (str_dev)));
	return klass->ip6_address_delete (self, ifindex, address, plen);
}

const NMPlatformIP4Address *
nm_platform_ip4_address_get (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, in_addr_t address, guint8 plen, guint32 peer_address)
{
	NMPObject obj_id;
	const NMPObject *obj;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	g_return_val_if_fail (plen <= 32, NULL);

	nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip4_address (&obj_id, ifindex, address, plen, peer_address);
	obj = nmp_cache_lookup_obj (nm_platform_get_cache (self), &obj_id);
	nm_assert (!obj || nmp_object_is_visible (obj));
	return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP4_ADDRESS (obj);
}

const NMPlatformIP6Address *
nm_platform_ip6_address_get (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, struct in6_addr address)
{
	NMPObject obj_id;
	const NMPObject *obj;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip6_address (&obj_id, ifindex, &address);
	obj = nmp_cache_lookup_obj (nm_platform_get_cache (self), &obj_id);
	nm_assert (!obj || nmp_object_is_visible (obj));
	return NMP_OBJECT_CAST_IP6_ADDRESS (obj);
}

static const NMPlatformIP4Address *
array_contains_ip4_address (const GArray *addresses, const NMPlatformIP4Address *address, gint32 now)
{
	guint len = addresses ? addresses->len : 0;
	guint i;

	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
		const NMPlatformIP4Address *candidate = &g_array_index (addresses, NMPlatformIP4Address, i);

		if (   candidate->address == address->address
		    && candidate->plen == address->plen
		    && ((candidate->peer_address ^ address->peer_address) & nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask (address->plen)) == 0) {
			guint32 lifetime, preferred;

			if (nm_utils_lifetime_get (candidate->timestamp, candidate->lifetime, candidate->preferred,
			                           now, &lifetime, &preferred))
				return candidate;
		}
	}

	return NULL;
}

static gboolean
array_contains_ip6_address (const GArray *addresses, const NMPlatformIP6Address *address, gint32 now)
{
	guint len = addresses ? addresses->len : 0;
	guint i;

	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
		NMPlatformIP6Address *candidate = &g_array_index (addresses, NMPlatformIP6Address, i);

		if (IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL (&candidate->address, &address->address) && candidate->plen == address->plen) {
			guint32 lifetime, preferred;

			if (nm_utils_lifetime_get (candidate->timestamp, candidate->lifetime, candidate->preferred,
			                           now, &lifetime, &preferred))
				return TRUE;
		}
	}

	return FALSE;
}

static gboolean
_ptr_inside_ip4_addr_array (const GArray *array, gconstpointer needle)
{
	return    needle >= (gconstpointer) &g_array_index (array, const NMPlatformIP4Address, 0)
	       && needle <  (gconstpointer) &g_array_index (array, const NMPlatformIP4Address, array->len);
}

static void
ip4_addr_subnets_destroy_index (GHashTable *ht, const GArray *addresses)
{
	GHashTableIter iter;
	gpointer p;

	g_hash_table_iter_init (&iter, ht);

	while (g_hash_table_iter_next (&iter, NULL, &p)) {
		if (!_ptr_inside_ip4_addr_array (addresses, p)) {
			g_ptr_array_free ((GPtrArray *) p, TRUE);
		}
	}

	g_hash_table_unref (ht);
}

static GHashTable *
ip4_addr_subnets_build_index (const GArray *addresses, gboolean consider_flags)
{
	const NMPlatformIP4Address *address;
	gpointer p;
	GHashTable *subnets;
	GPtrArray *ptr;
	guint32 net;
	guint i;
	gint position;

	if (!addresses)
		return NULL;

	subnets = g_hash_table_new_full (g_direct_hash,
	                                 g_direct_equal,
	                                 NULL,
	                                 NULL);

	/* Build a hash table of all addresses per subnet */
	for (i = 0; i < addresses->len; i++) {
		address = &g_array_index (addresses, const NMPlatformIP4Address, i);
		net = address->address & nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask (address->plen);
		if (!g_hash_table_lookup_extended (subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER (net), NULL, &p)) {
			g_hash_table_insert (subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER (net), (gpointer) address);
			continue;
		}
		if (_ptr_inside_ip4_addr_array (addresses, p)) {
			ptr = g_ptr_array_new ();
			g_hash_table_insert (subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER (net), ptr);
			g_ptr_array_add (ptr, p);
		} else
			ptr = p;

		if (!consider_flags || NM_FLAGS_HAS (address->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_SECONDARY))
			position = -1; /* append */
		else
			position = 0; /* prepend */

		g_ptr_array_insert (ptr, position, (gpointer) address);
	}

	return subnets;
}

/**
 * ip4_addr_subnets_is_secondary:
 * @address: an address
 * @subnets: the hash table mapping subnets to addresses
 * @addresses: array of addresses in the hash table
 * @out_addr_list: array of addresses belonging to the same subnet
 *
 * Checks whether @address is secondary and returns in @out_addr_list the list of addresses
 * belonging to the same subnet, if it contains other elements.
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE if the address is secondary, %FALSE otherwise
 */
static gboolean
ip4_addr_subnets_is_secondary (const NMPlatformIP4Address *address, GHashTable *subnets, const GArray *addresses, GPtrArray **out_addr_list)
{
	GPtrArray *addr_list;
	gpointer p;
	guint32 net;

	net = address->address & nm_utils_ip4_prefix_to_netmask (address->plen);
	p = g_hash_table_lookup (subnets, GUINT_TO_POINTER (net));
	nm_assert (p);
	if (!_ptr_inside_ip4_addr_array (addresses, p)) {
		addr_list = p;
		NM_SET_OUT (out_addr_list, addr_list);
		if (addr_list->pdata[0] != address)
			return TRUE;
	} else {
		nm_assert ((gconstpointer) address == p);
		NM_SET_OUT (out_addr_list, NULL);
	}
	return FALSE;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_ip4_address_sync:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 * @known_addresses: List of addresses
 * @out_added_addresses: (out): (allow-none): if not %NULL, return a #GPtrArray
 *   with the addresses added. The pointers point into @known_addresses.
 *   It possibly does not contain all addresses from @known_address because
 *   some addresses might be expired.
 *
 * A convenience function to synchronize addresses for a specific interface
 * with the least possible disturbance. It simply removes addresses that are
 * not listed and adds addresses that are.
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE on success.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_ip4_address_sync (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const GArray *known_addresses, GPtrArray **out_added_addresses)
{
	GArray *addresses;
	NMPlatformIP4Address *address;
	const NMPlatformIP4Address *known_address;
	gint32 now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_s ();
	GHashTable *plat_subnets;
	GHashTable *known_subnets;
	GPtrArray *ptr;
	int i, j;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	addresses = nm_platform_ip4_address_get_all (self, ifindex);
	plat_subnets = ip4_addr_subnets_build_index (addresses, TRUE);
	known_subnets = ip4_addr_subnets_build_index (known_addresses, FALSE);

	/* Delete unknown addresses */
	for (i = 0; i < addresses->len; i++) {
		address = &g_array_index (addresses, NMPlatformIP4Address, i);

		if (!address->ifindex) {
			/* Already deleted */
			continue;
		}

		known_address = array_contains_ip4_address (known_addresses, address, now);
		if (known_address) {
			gboolean secondary;

			secondary = ip4_addr_subnets_is_secondary (known_address, known_subnets, known_addresses, NULL);
			/* Ignore the matching address if it has a different primary/slave
			 * role. */
			if (secondary != NM_FLAGS_HAS (address->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_SECONDARY))
				known_address = NULL;
		}

		if (!known_address) {
			nm_platform_ip4_address_delete (self, ifindex,
			                                address->address,
			                                address->plen,
			                                address->peer_address);
			if (   !ip4_addr_subnets_is_secondary (address, plat_subnets, addresses, &ptr)
			    && ptr) {
				/* If we just deleted a primary addresses and there were
				 * secondary ones the kernel can do two things, depending on
				 * version and sysctl setting: delete also secondary addresses
				 * or promote a secondary to primary. Ensure that secondary
				 * addresses are deleted, so that we can start with a clean
				 * slate and add addresses in the right order. */
				for (j = 1; j < ptr->len; j++) {
					address = ptr->pdata[j];
					nm_platform_ip4_address_delete (self, ifindex,
					                                address->address,
					                                address->plen,
					                                address->peer_address);
					address->ifindex = 0;
				}
			}
		}
	}
	ip4_addr_subnets_destroy_index (plat_subnets, addresses);
	g_array_free (addresses, TRUE);

	if (out_added_addresses)
		*out_added_addresses = NULL;

	if (!known_addresses)
		return TRUE;

	/* Add missing addresses */
	for (i = 0; i < known_addresses->len; i++) {
		guint32 lifetime, preferred;

		known_address = &g_array_index (known_addresses, NMPlatformIP4Address, i);

		if (!nm_utils_lifetime_get (known_address->timestamp, known_address->lifetime, known_address->preferred,
		                            now, &lifetime, &preferred))
			continue;

		if (!nm_platform_ip4_address_add (self, ifindex, known_address->address, known_address->plen,
		                                  known_address->peer_address, lifetime, preferred,
		                                  0, known_address->label)) {
			ip4_addr_subnets_destroy_index (known_subnets, known_addresses);
			return FALSE;
		}

		if (out_added_addresses) {
			if (!*out_added_addresses)
				*out_added_addresses = g_ptr_array_new ();
			g_ptr_array_add (*out_added_addresses, (gpointer) known_address);
		}
	}

	ip4_addr_subnets_destroy_index (known_subnets, known_addresses);

	return TRUE;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_ip6_address_sync:
 * @self: platform instance
 * @ifindex: Interface index
 * @known_addresses: List of addresses
 * @keep_link_local: Don't remove link-local address
 *
 * A convenience function to synchronize addresses for a specific interface
 * with the least possible disturbance. It simply removes addresses that are
 * not listed and adds addresses that are.
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE on success.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_ip6_address_sync (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const GArray *known_addresses, gboolean keep_link_local)
{
	GArray *addresses;
	NMPlatformIP6Address *address;
	gint32 now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_s ();
	int i;

	/* Delete unknown addresses */
	addresses = nm_platform_ip6_address_get_all (self, ifindex);
	for (i = 0; i < addresses->len; i++) {
		address = &g_array_index (addresses, NMPlatformIP6Address, i);

		/* Leave link local address management to the kernel */
		if (keep_link_local && IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL (&address->address))
			continue;

		if (!array_contains_ip6_address (known_addresses, address, now))
			nm_platform_ip6_address_delete (self, ifindex, address->address, address->plen);
	}
	g_array_free (addresses, TRUE);

	if (!known_addresses)
		return TRUE;

	/* Add missing addresses */
	for (i = 0; i < known_addresses->len; i++) {
		const NMPlatformIP6Address *known_address = &g_array_index (known_addresses, NMPlatformIP6Address, i);
		guint32 lifetime, preferred;

		if (NM_FLAGS_HAS (known_address->n_ifa_flags, IFA_F_TEMPORARY)) {
			/* Kernel manages these */
			continue;
		}

		if (!nm_utils_lifetime_get (known_address->timestamp, known_address->lifetime, known_address->preferred,
		                            now, &lifetime, &preferred))
			continue;

		if (!nm_platform_ip6_address_add (self, ifindex, known_address->address,
		                                  known_address->plen, known_address->peer_address,
		                                  lifetime, preferred, known_address->n_ifa_flags))
			return FALSE;
	}

	return TRUE;
}

gboolean
nm_platform_address_flush (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	return    nm_platform_ip4_address_sync (self, ifindex, NULL, NULL)
	       && nm_platform_ip6_address_sync (self, ifindex, NULL, FALSE);
}

/*****************************************************************************/

/**
 * nm_platform_ip4_route_add:
 * @self:
 * @route:
 *
 * For kernel, a gateway can be either explicitly set or left
 * at zero (0.0.0.0). In addition, there is the scope of the IPv4
 * route.
 * When adding a route with
 *   $ ip route add default dev $IFNAME
 * the resulting route will have gateway 0.0.0.0 and scope "link".
 * Contrary to
 *   $ ip route add default via 0.0.0.0 dev $IFNAME
 * which adds the route with scope "global".
 *
 * NetworkManager's Platform can currently only add on-link-routes with scope
 * "link" (and gateway 0.0.0.0) or gateway-routes with scope "global" (and
 * gateway not 0.0.0.0).
 *
 * It does not support adding globally scoped routes via 0.0.0.0.
 *
 * Returns: %TRUE in case of success.
 */
gboolean
nm_platform_ip4_route_add (NMPlatform *self, const NMPlatformIP4Route *route)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (route, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (route->plen <= 32, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("route: adding or updating IPv4 route: %s", nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string (route, NULL, 0));

	return klass->ip4_route_add (self, route);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_ip6_route_add (NMPlatform *self, const NMPlatformIP6Route *route)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	g_return_val_if_fail (route, FALSE);
	g_return_val_if_fail (route->plen <= 128, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("route: adding or updating IPv6 route: %s", nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string (route, NULL, 0));

	return klass->ip6_route_add (self, route);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_ip4_route_delete (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, in_addr_t network, guint8 plen, guint32 metric)
{
	char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("route: deleting IPv4 route %s/%d, metric=%"G_GUINT32_FORMAT", ifindex %d%s",
	       nm_utils_inet4_ntop (network, NULL), plen, metric, ifindex,
	       _to_string_dev (self, ifindex, str_dev, sizeof (str_dev)));
	return klass->ip4_route_delete (self, ifindex, network, plen, metric);
}

gboolean
nm_platform_ip6_route_delete (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, struct in6_addr network, guint8 plen, guint32 metric)
{
	char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	_LOGD ("route: deleting IPv6 route %s/%d, metric=%"G_GUINT32_FORMAT", ifindex %d%s",
	       nm_utils_inet6_ntop (&network, NULL), plen, metric, ifindex,
	       _to_string_dev (self, ifindex, str_dev, sizeof (str_dev)));
	return klass->ip6_route_delete (self, ifindex, network, plen, metric);
}

const NMPlatformIP4Route *
nm_platform_ip4_route_get (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, in_addr_t network, guint8 plen, guint32 metric)
{
	NMPObject obj_id;
	const NMPObject *obj;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip4_route (&obj_id, ifindex, network, plen, metric);
	obj = nmp_cache_lookup_obj (nm_platform_get_cache (self), &obj_id);
	if (nmp_object_is_visible (obj))
		return &obj->ip4_route;
	return NULL;
}

const NMPlatformIP6Route *
nm_platform_ip6_route_get (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, struct in6_addr network, guint8 plen, guint32 metric)
{
	NMPObject obj_id;
	const NMPObject *obj;

	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, FALSE);

	metric = nm_utils_ip6_route_metric_normalize (metric);

	nmp_object_stackinit_id_ip6_route (&obj_id, ifindex, &network, plen, metric);
	obj = nmp_cache_lookup_obj (nm_platform_get_cache (self), &obj_id);
	if (nmp_object_is_visible (obj))
		return &obj->ip6_route;
	return NULL;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

const char *
nm_platform_vlan_qos_mapping_to_string (const char *name,
                                        const NMVlanQosMapping *map,
                                        gsize n_map,
                                        char *buf,
                                        gsize len)
{
	gsize i;
	char *b;

	nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init (&buf, &len);

	if (!n_map) {
		nm_utils_strbuf_append_str (&buf, &len, "");
		return buf;
	}

	if (!map)
		g_return_val_if_reached ("");

	b = buf;

	if (name) {
		nm_utils_strbuf_append_str (&b, &len, name);
		nm_utils_strbuf_append_str (&b, &len, " {");
	} else
		nm_utils_strbuf_append_c (&b, &len, '{');

	for (i = 0; i < n_map; i++)
		nm_utils_strbuf_append (&b, &len, " %u:%u", map[i].from, map[i].to);
	nm_utils_strbuf_append_str (&b, &len, " }");
	return buf;
}

static const char *
_lifetime_to_string (guint32 timestamp, guint32 lifetime, gint32 now, char *buf, size_t buf_size)
{
	if (lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT)
		return "forever";

	g_snprintf (buf, buf_size, "%usec",
	            nm_utils_lifetime_rebase_relative_time_on_now (timestamp, lifetime, now));
	return buf;
}


static const char *
_lifetime_summary_to_string (gint32 now, guint32 timestamp, guint32 preferred, guint32 lifetime, char *buf, size_t buf_size)
{
	g_snprintf (buf, buf_size, " lifetime %d-%u[%u,%u]",
	            (signed) now, (unsigned) timestamp, (unsigned) preferred, (unsigned) lifetime);
	return buf;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_link_to_string:
 * @route: pointer to NMPlatformLink address structure
 * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
 * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
 *
 * A method for converting an link struct into a string representation.
 *
 * Returns: a string representation of the link.
 */
const char *
nm_platform_link_to_string (const NMPlatformLink *link, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	char master[20];
	char parent[20];
	GString *str_flags;
	char str_addrmode[30];
	gs_free char *str_addr = NULL;
	char str_inet6_token[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	const char *str_link_type;

	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (link, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	str_flags = g_string_new (NULL);
	if (NM_FLAGS_HAS (link->n_ifi_flags, IFF_NOARP))
		g_string_append (str_flags, "NOARP,");
	if (NM_FLAGS_HAS (link->n_ifi_flags, IFF_UP))
		g_string_append (str_flags, "UP");
	else
		g_string_append (str_flags, "DOWN");
	if (link->connected)
		g_string_append (str_flags, ",LOWER_UP");

	if (link->n_ifi_flags) {
		char str_flags_buf[64];

		nm_platform_link_flags2str (link->n_ifi_flags, str_flags_buf, sizeof (str_flags_buf));
		g_string_append_printf (str_flags, ";%s", str_flags_buf);
	}

	if (link->master)
		g_snprintf (master, sizeof (master), " master %d", link->master);
	else
		master[0] = 0;

	if (link->parent > 0)
		g_snprintf (parent, sizeof (parent), "@%d", link->parent);
	else if (link->parent == NM_PLATFORM_LINK_OTHER_NETNS)
		g_strlcpy (parent, "@other-netns", sizeof (parent));
	else
		parent[0] = 0;

	if (link->addr.len)
		str_addr = nm_utils_hwaddr_ntoa (link->addr.data, MIN (link->addr.len, sizeof (link->addr.data)));

	str_link_type = nm_link_type_to_string (link->type);

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "%d: " /* ifindex */
	            "%s" /* name */
	            "%s" /* parent */
	            " <%s>" /* flags */
	            " mtu %d"
	            "%s" /* master */
	            " arp %u" /* arptype */
	            " %s" /* link->type */
	            "%s%s" /* kind */
	            "%s" /* is-in-udev */
	            "%s%s" /* addr-gen-mode */
	            "%s%s" /* addr */
	            "%s%s" /* inet6_token */
	            "%s%s" /* driver */
	            " rx:%"G_GUINT64_FORMAT",%"G_GUINT64_FORMAT
	            " tx:%"G_GUINT64_FORMAT",%"G_GUINT64_FORMAT
	            ,
	            link->ifindex,
	            link->name,
	            parent,
	            str_flags->str,
	            link->mtu, master,
	            link->arptype,
	            str_link_type ?: "???",
	            link->kind ? (g_strcmp0 (str_link_type, link->kind) ? "/" : "*") : "?",
	            link->kind && g_strcmp0 (str_link_type, link->kind) ? link->kind : "",
	            link->initialized ? " init" : " not-init",
	            link->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv ? " addrgenmode " : "",
	            link->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv ? nm_platform_link_inet6_addrgenmode2str (_nm_platform_uint8_inv (link->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv), str_addrmode, sizeof (str_addrmode)) : "",
	            str_addr ? " addr " : "",
	            str_addr ? str_addr : "",
	            link->inet6_token.id ? " inet6token " : "",
	            link->inet6_token.id ? nm_utils_inet6_interface_identifier_to_token (link->inet6_token, str_inet6_token) : "",
	            link->driver ? " driver " : "",
	            link->driver ? link->driver : "",
	            link->rx_packets, link->rx_bytes,
	            link->tx_packets, link->tx_bytes);
	g_string_free (str_flags, TRUE);
	return buf;
}

const char *
nm_platform_lnk_gre_to_string (const NMPlatformLnkGre *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	char str_local[30];
	char str_local1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_remote[30];
	char str_remote1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_ttl[30];
	char str_tos[30];
	char str_parent_ifindex[30];
	char str_input_flags[30];
	char str_output_flags[30];
	char str_input_key[30];
	char str_input_key1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_output_key[30];
	char str_output_key1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];

	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (lnk, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "gre"
	            "%s" /* remote */
	            "%s" /* local */
	            "%s" /* parent_ifindex */
	            "%s" /* ttl */
	            "%s" /* tos */
	            "%s" /* path_mtu_discovery */
	            "%s" /* iflags */
	            "%s" /* oflags */
	            "%s" /* ikey */
	            "%s" /* okey */
	            "",
	            lnk->remote ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_remote, " remote %s", nm_utils_inet4_ntop (lnk->remote, str_remote1)) : "",
	            lnk->local ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_local, " local %s", nm_utils_inet4_ntop (lnk->local, str_local1)) : "",
	            lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_parent_ifindex, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex) : "",
	            lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : " ttl inherit",
	            lnk->tos ? (lnk->tos == 1 ? " tos inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf (str_tos, " tos 0x%x", lnk->tos)) : "",
	            lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "" : " nopmtudisc",
	            lnk->input_flags ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_input_flags, " iflags 0x%x", lnk->input_flags) : "",
	            lnk->output_flags ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_output_flags, " oflags 0x%x", lnk->output_flags) : "",
	            NM_FLAGS_HAS (lnk->input_flags, GRE_KEY) || lnk->input_key ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_input_key, " ikey %s", nm_utils_inet4_ntop (lnk->input_key, str_input_key1)) : "",
	            NM_FLAGS_HAS (lnk->output_flags, GRE_KEY) || lnk->output_key ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_output_key, " okey %s", nm_utils_inet4_ntop (lnk->output_key, str_output_key1)) : "");
	return buf;
}

const char *
nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_to_string (const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	char str_p_key[64];

	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (lnk, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "infiniband"
	            "%s" /* p_key */
	            "%s%s" /* mode */
	            "",
	            lnk->p_key ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_p_key, " pkey %d", lnk->p_key) : "",
	            lnk->mode ? " mode " : "",
	            lnk->mode ?: "");
	return buf;
}

const char *
nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_to_string (const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	char str_local[30];
	char str_local1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_remote[30];
	char str_remote1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_ttl[30];
	char str_tclass[30];
	char str_flow[30];
	char str_encap[30];
	char str_proto[30];
	char str_parent_ifindex[30];

	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (lnk, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "ip6tnl"
	            "%s" /* remote */
	            "%s" /* local */
	            "%s" /* parent_ifindex */
	            "%s" /* ttl */
	            "%s" /* tclass */
	            "%s" /* encap limit */
	            "%s" /* flow label */
	            "%s" /* proto */
	            "",
	            nm_sprintf_buf (str_remote, " remote %s", nm_utils_inet6_ntop (&lnk->remote, str_remote1)),
	            nm_sprintf_buf (str_local, " local %s", nm_utils_inet6_ntop (&lnk->local, str_local1)),
	            lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_parent_ifindex, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex) : "",
	            lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : " ttl inherit",
	            lnk->tclass == 1 ? " tclass inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf (str_tclass, " tclass 0x%x", lnk->tclass),
	            nm_sprintf_buf (str_encap, " encap-limit %u", lnk->encap_limit),
	            nm_sprintf_buf (str_flow, " flow-label 0x05%x", lnk->flow_label),
	            nm_sprintf_buf (str_proto, " proto %u", lnk->proto));
	return buf;
}

const char *
nm_platform_lnk_ipip_to_string (const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	char str_local[30];
	char str_local1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_remote[30];
	char str_remote1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_ttl[30];
	char str_tos[30];
	char str_parent_ifindex[30];

	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (lnk, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "ipip"
	            "%s" /* remote */
	            "%s" /* local */
	            "%s" /* parent_ifindex */
	            "%s" /* ttl */
	            "%s" /* tos */
	            "%s" /* path_mtu_discovery */
	            "",
	            lnk->remote ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_remote, " remote %s", nm_utils_inet4_ntop (lnk->remote, str_remote1)) : "",
	            lnk->local ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_local, " local %s", nm_utils_inet4_ntop (lnk->local, str_local1)) : "",
	            lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_parent_ifindex, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex) : "",
	            lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : " ttl inherit",
	            lnk->tos ? (lnk->tos == 1 ? " tos inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf (str_tos, " tos 0x%x", lnk->tos)) : "",
	            lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "" : " nopmtudisc");
	return buf;
}

const char *
nm_platform_lnk_macsec_to_string (const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (lnk, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "macsec "
	            "sci %016llx "
	            "protect %s "
	            "cipher %016llx "
	            "icvlen %u "
	            "encodingsa %u "
	            "validate %u "
	            "encrypt %s "
	            "send_sci %s "
	            "end_station %s "
	            "scb %s "
	            "replay %s",
	            (unsigned long long) lnk->sci,
	            lnk->protect ? "on" : "off",
	            (unsigned long long) lnk->cipher_suite,
	            lnk->icv_length,
	            lnk->encoding_sa,
	            lnk->validation,
	            lnk->encrypt ? "on" : "off",
	            lnk->include_sci ? "on" : "off",
	            lnk->es ? "on" : "off",
	            lnk->scb ? "on" : "off",
	            lnk->replay_protect ? "on" : "off");
	return buf;
}

const char *
nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_to_string (const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (lnk, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "macvlan mode %u %s",
	            lnk->mode,
	            lnk->no_promisc ? "not-promisc" : "promisc");
	return buf;
}

const char *
nm_platform_lnk_sit_to_string (const NMPlatformLnkSit *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	char str_local[30];
	char str_local1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_remote[30];
	char str_remote1[NM_UTILS_INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_ttl[30];
	char str_tos[30];
	char str_flags[30];
	char str_proto[30];
	char str_parent_ifindex[30];

	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (lnk, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "sit"
	            "%s" /* remote */
	            "%s" /* local */
	            "%s" /* parent_ifindex */
	            "%s" /* ttl */
	            "%s" /* tos */
	            "%s" /* path_mtu_discovery */
	            "%s" /* flags */
	            "%s" /* proto */
	            "",
	            lnk->remote ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_remote, " remote %s", nm_utils_inet4_ntop (lnk->remote, str_remote1)) : "",
	            lnk->local ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_local, " local %s", nm_utils_inet4_ntop (lnk->local, str_local1)) : "",
	            lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_parent_ifindex, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex) : "",
	            lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : " ttl inherit",
	            lnk->tos ? (lnk->tos == 1 ? " tos inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf (str_tos, " tos 0x%x", lnk->tos)) : "",
	            lnk->path_mtu_discovery ? "" : " nopmtudisc",
	            lnk->flags ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_flags, " flags 0x%x", lnk->flags) : "",
	            lnk->proto ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_proto, " proto 0x%x", lnk->proto) : "");
	return buf;
}

const char *
nm_platform_lnk_vlan_to_string (const NMPlatformLnkVlan *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	char *b;

	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (lnk, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	b = buf;

	nm_utils_strbuf_append (&b, &len, "vlan %u", lnk->id);
	if (lnk->flags)
		nm_utils_strbuf_append (&b, &len, " flags 0x%x", lnk->flags);
	return buf;
}

const char *
nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_to_string (const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *lnk, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	char str_group[100];
	char str_group6[100];
	char str_local[100];
	char str_local6[100];
	char str_dev[25];
	char str_limit[25];
	char str_src_port[35];
	char str_dst_port[25];
	char str_tos[25];
	char str_ttl[25];

	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (lnk, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	if (lnk->group == 0)
		str_group[0] = '\0';
	else {
		g_snprintf (str_group, sizeof (str_group),
		            " %s %s",
		            IN_MULTICAST (ntohl (lnk->group)) ? "group" : "remote",
		            nm_utils_inet4_ntop (lnk->group, NULL));
	}
	if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED (&lnk->group6))
		str_group6[0] = '\0';
	else {
		g_snprintf (str_group6, sizeof (str_group6),
		            " %s%s %s",
		            IN6_IS_ADDR_MULTICAST (&lnk->group6) ? "group" : "remote",
		            str_group[0] ? "6" : "", /* usually, a vxlan has either v4 or v6 only. */
		            nm_utils_inet6_ntop (&lnk->group6, NULL));
	}

	if (lnk->local == 0)
		str_local[0] = '\0';
	else {
		g_snprintf (str_local, sizeof (str_local),
		            " local %s",
		            nm_utils_inet4_ntop (lnk->local, NULL));
	}
	if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED (&lnk->local6))
		str_local6[0] = '\0';
	else {
		g_snprintf (str_local6, sizeof (str_local6),
		            " local%s %s",
		            str_local[0] ? "6" : "", /* usually, a vxlan has either v4 or v6 only. */
		            nm_utils_inet6_ntop (&lnk->local6, NULL));
	}

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "vxlan"
	            " id %u" /* id */
	            "%s%s" /* group/group6 */
	            "%s%s" /* local/local6 */
	            "%s" /* dev */
	            "%s" /* src_port_min/src_port_max */
	            "%s" /* dst_port */
	            "%s" /* learning */
	            "%s" /* proxy */
	            "%s" /* rsc */
	            "%s" /* l2miss */
	            "%s" /* l3miss */
	            "%s" /* tos */
	            "%s" /* ttl */
	            " ageing %u" /* ageing */
	            "%s" /* limit */
	            "",
	            (guint) lnk->id,
	            str_group, str_group6,
	            str_local, str_local6,
	            lnk->parent_ifindex ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_dev, " dev %d", lnk->parent_ifindex) : "",
	            lnk->src_port_min || lnk->src_port_max ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_src_port, " srcport %u %u", lnk->src_port_min, lnk->src_port_max) : "",
	            lnk->dst_port ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_dst_port, " dstport %u", lnk->dst_port) : "",
	            !lnk->learning ? " nolearning" : "",
	            lnk->proxy ? " proxy" : "",
	            lnk->rsc ? " rsc" : "",
	            lnk->l2miss ? " l2miss" : "",
	            lnk->l3miss ? " l3miss" : "",
	            lnk->tos == 1 ? " tos inherit" : nm_sprintf_buf (str_tos, " tos %#x", lnk->tos),
	            lnk->ttl ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_ttl, " ttl %u", lnk->ttl) : "",
	            lnk->ageing,
	            lnk->limit ? nm_sprintf_buf (str_limit, " maxaddr %u", lnk->limit) : "");
	return buf;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string:
 * @route: pointer to NMPlatformIP4Address address structure
 * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
 * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
 *
 * A method for converting an address struct into a string representation.
 *
 * Example output: ""
 *
 * Returns: a string representation of the address.
 */
const char *
nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string (const NMPlatformIP4Address *address, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	char s_flags[TO_STRING_IFA_FLAGS_BUF_SIZE];
	char s_address[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char s_peer[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
	char str_label[32];
	char str_lft[30], str_pref[30], str_time[50], s_source[50];
	char *str_peer = NULL;
	const char *str_lft_p, *str_pref_p, *str_time_p;
	gint32 now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_s ();

	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (address, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	inet_ntop (AF_INET, &address->address, s_address, sizeof (s_address));

	if (address->peer_address != address->address) {
		inet_ntop (AF_INET, &address->peer_address, s_peer, sizeof (s_peer));
		str_peer = g_strconcat (" ptp ", s_peer, NULL);
	}

	_to_string_dev (NULL, address->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof (str_dev));

	if (*address->label)
		g_snprintf (str_label, sizeof (str_label), " label %s", address->label);
	else
		str_label[0] = 0;

	str_lft_p = _lifetime_to_string (address->timestamp,
	                                 address->lifetime ? address->lifetime : NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
	                                 now, str_lft, sizeof (str_lft)),
	str_pref_p = (address->lifetime == address->preferred)
	             ? str_lft_p
	             : ( _lifetime_to_string (address->timestamp,
	                                      address->lifetime ? MIN (address->preferred, address->lifetime) : NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
	                                      now, str_pref, sizeof (str_pref)) );
	str_time_p = _lifetime_summary_to_string (now, address->timestamp, address->preferred, address->lifetime, str_time, sizeof (str_time));

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "%s/%d lft %s pref %s%s%s%s%s%s src %s",
	            s_address, address->plen, str_lft_p, str_pref_p, str_time_p,
	            str_peer ? str_peer : "",
	            str_dev,
	            _to_string_ifa_flags (address->n_ifa_flags, s_flags, sizeof (s_flags)),
	            str_label,
	            nmp_utils_ip_config_source_to_string (address->addr_source, s_source, sizeof (s_source)));
	g_free (str_peer);
	return buf;
}

NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE (nm_platform_link_flags2str, unsigned,
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_LOOPBACK, "loopback"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_BROADCAST, "broadcast"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_POINTOPOINT, "pointopoint"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_MULTICAST, "multicast"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_NOARP, "noarp"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_ALLMULTI, "allmulti"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_PROMISC, "promisc"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_MASTER, "master"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_SLAVE, "slave"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_DEBUG, "debug"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_DYNAMIC, "dynamic"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_AUTOMEDIA, "automedia"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_PORTSEL, "portsel"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_NOTRAILERS, "notrailers"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_UP, "up"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_RUNNING, "running"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_LOWER_UP, "lowerup"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_DORMANT, "dormant"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFF_ECHO, "echo"),
);

NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR_DEFINE (nm_platform_link_inet6_addrgenmode2str, guint8,
	NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR (NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE, "none"),
	NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR (NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64, "eui64"),
	NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR (NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_STABLE_PRIVACY, "stable-privacy"),
	NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR (NM_IN6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_RANDOM, "random"),
);

NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR_DEFINE (nm_platform_addr_flags2str, unsigned,
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFA_F_SECONDARY, "secondary"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFA_F_NODAD, "nodad"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC, "optimistic"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFA_F_HOMEADDRESS, "homeaddress"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFA_F_DEPRECATED, "deprecated"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFA_F_TENTATIVE, "tentative"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFA_F_PERMANENT, "permanent"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFA_F_MANAGETEMPADDR, "mngtmpaddr"),
	NM_UTILS_FLAGS2STR (IFA_F_NOPREFIXROUTE, "noprefixroute"),
);

NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR_DEFINE (nm_platform_route_scope2str, int,
	NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR (RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE, "nowhere"),
	NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR (RT_SCOPE_HOST, "host"),
	NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR (RT_SCOPE_LINK, "link"),
	NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR (RT_SCOPE_SITE, "site"),
	NM_UTILS_ENUM2STR (RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, "global"),
);

/**
 * nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string:
 * @route: pointer to NMPlatformIP6Address address structure
 * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
 * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
 *
 * A method for converting an address struct into a string representation.
 *
 * Example output: "2001:db8:0:f101::1/64 lft 4294967295 pref 4294967295 time 16922666 on dev em1"
 *
 * Returns: a string representation of the address.
 */
const char *
nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string (const NMPlatformIP6Address *address, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	char s_flags[TO_STRING_IFA_FLAGS_BUF_SIZE];
	char s_address[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char s_peer[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_lft[30], str_pref[30], str_time[50], s_source[50];
	char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
	char *str_peer = NULL;
	const char *str_lft_p, *str_pref_p, *str_time_p;
	gint32 now = nm_utils_get_monotonic_timestamp_s ();

	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (address, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	inet_ntop (AF_INET6, &address->address, s_address, sizeof (s_address));

	if (!IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED (&address->peer_address)) {
		inet_ntop (AF_INET6, &address->peer_address, s_peer, sizeof (s_peer));
		str_peer = g_strconcat (" ptp ", s_peer, NULL);
	}

	_to_string_dev (NULL, address->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof (str_dev));

	str_lft_p = _lifetime_to_string (address->timestamp,
	                                 address->lifetime ? address->lifetime : NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
	                                 now, str_lft, sizeof (str_lft)),
	str_pref_p = (address->lifetime == address->preferred)
	             ? str_lft_p
	             : ( _lifetime_to_string (address->timestamp,
	                                      address->lifetime ? MIN (address->preferred, address->lifetime) : NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT,
	                                      now, str_pref, sizeof (str_pref)) );
	str_time_p = _lifetime_summary_to_string (now, address->timestamp, address->preferred, address->lifetime, str_time, sizeof (str_time));

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "%s/%d lft %s pref %s%s%s%s%s src %s",
	            s_address, address->plen, str_lft_p, str_pref_p, str_time_p,
	            str_peer ? str_peer : "",
	            str_dev,
	            _to_string_ifa_flags (address->n_ifa_flags, s_flags, sizeof (s_flags)),
	            nmp_utils_ip_config_source_to_string (address->addr_source, s_source, sizeof (s_source)));
	g_free (str_peer);
	return buf;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string:
 * @route: pointer to NMPlatformIP4Route route structure
 * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
 * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
 *
 * A method for converting a route struct into a string representation.
 *
 * Example output: "192.168.1.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 dev em1 metric 0 mss 0"
 *
 * Returns: a string representation of the route.
 */
const char *
nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string (const NMPlatformIP4Route *route, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	char s_network[INET_ADDRSTRLEN], s_gateway[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char s_pref_src[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE];
	char str_scope[30], s_source[50];
	char str_tos[32], str_window[32], str_cwnd[32], str_initcwnd[32], str_initrwnd[32], str_mtu[32];

	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (route, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	inet_ntop (AF_INET, &route->network, s_network, sizeof(s_network));
	inet_ntop (AF_INET, &route->gateway, s_gateway, sizeof(s_gateway));

	_to_string_dev (NULL, route->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof (str_dev));

	if (route->tos)
		nm_sprintf_buf (str_tos, " tos 0x%x", (unsigned) route->tos);
	if (route->window)
		nm_sprintf_buf (str_window, " window %s%"G_GUINT32_FORMAT, route->lock_window ? "lock " : "", route->window);
	if (route->cwnd)
		nm_sprintf_buf (str_cwnd, " cwnd %s%"G_GUINT32_FORMAT, route->lock_cwnd ? "lock " : "", route->cwnd);
	if (route->initcwnd)
		nm_sprintf_buf (str_initcwnd, " initcwnd %s%"G_GUINT32_FORMAT, route->lock_initcwnd ? "lock " : "", route->initcwnd);
	if (route->initrwnd)
		nm_sprintf_buf (str_initrwnd, " initrwnd %s%"G_GUINT32_FORMAT, route->lock_initrwnd ? "lock " : "", route->initrwnd);
	if (route->mtu)
		nm_sprintf_buf (str_mtu, " mtu %s%"G_GUINT32_FORMAT, route->lock_mtu ? "lock " : "", route->mtu);

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "%s/%d"
	            " via %s"
	            "%s"
	            " metric %"G_GUINT32_FORMAT
	            " mss %"G_GUINT32_FORMAT
	            " rt-src %s" /* protocol */
	            "%s" /* cloned */
	            "%s%s" /* scope */
	            "%s%s" /* pref-src */
	            "%s" /* tos */
	            "%s" /* window */
	            "%s" /* cwnd */
	            "%s" /* initcwnd */
	            "%s" /* initrwnd */
	            "%s" /* mtu */
	            "",
	            s_network,
	            route->plen,
	            s_gateway,
	            str_dev,
	            route->metric,
	            route->mss,
	            nmp_utils_ip_config_source_to_string (route->rt_source, s_source, sizeof (s_source)),
	            route->rt_cloned ? " cloned" : "",
	            route->scope_inv ? " scope " : "",
	            route->scope_inv ? (nm_platform_route_scope2str (nm_platform_route_scope_inv (route->scope_inv), str_scope, sizeof (str_scope))) : "",
	            route->pref_src ? " pref-src " : "",
	            route->pref_src ? inet_ntop (AF_INET, &route->pref_src, s_pref_src, sizeof(s_pref_src)) : "",
	            route->tos ? str_tos : "",
	            route->window ? str_window : "",
	            route->cwnd ? str_cwnd : "",
	            route->initcwnd ? str_initcwnd : "",
	            route->initrwnd ? str_initrwnd : "",
	            route->mtu ? str_mtu : "");
	return buf;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string:
 * @route: pointer to NMPlatformIP6Route route structure
 * @buf: (allow-none): an optional buffer. If %NULL, a static buffer is used.
 * @len: the size of the @buf. If @buf is %NULL, this argument is ignored.
 *
 * A method for converting a route struct into a string representation.
 *
 * Example output: "ff02::fb/128 via :: dev em1 metric 0"
 *
 * Returns: a string representation of the route.
 */
const char *
nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string (const NMPlatformIP6Route *route, char *buf, gsize len)
{
	char s_network[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN], s_gateway[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN], s_pref_src[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char s_src[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
	char str_dev[TO_STRING_DEV_BUF_SIZE], s_source[50];
	char str_tos[32], str_window[32], str_cwnd[32], str_initcwnd[32], str_initrwnd[32], str_mtu[32];

	if (!nm_utils_to_string_buffer_init_null (route, &buf, &len))
		return buf;

	inet_ntop (AF_INET6, &route->network, s_network, sizeof (s_network));
	inet_ntop (AF_INET6, &route->gateway, s_gateway, sizeof (s_gateway));
	inet_ntop (AF_INET6, &route->src, s_src, sizeof (s_src));

	if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED (&route->pref_src))
		s_pref_src[0] = 0;
	else
		inet_ntop (AF_INET6, &route->pref_src, s_pref_src, sizeof (s_pref_src));

	_to_string_dev (NULL, route->ifindex, str_dev, sizeof (str_dev));

	if (route->tos)
		nm_sprintf_buf (str_tos, " tos 0x%x", (unsigned) route->tos);
	if (route->window)
		nm_sprintf_buf (str_window, " window %s%"G_GUINT32_FORMAT, route->lock_window ? "lock " : "", route->window);
	if (route->cwnd)
		nm_sprintf_buf (str_cwnd, " cwnd %s%"G_GUINT32_FORMAT, route->lock_cwnd ? "lock " : "", route->cwnd);
	if (route->initcwnd)
		nm_sprintf_buf (str_initcwnd, " initcwnd %s%"G_GUINT32_FORMAT, route->lock_initcwnd ? "lock " : "", route->initcwnd);
	if (route->initrwnd)
		nm_sprintf_buf (str_initrwnd, " initrwnd %s%"G_GUINT32_FORMAT, route->lock_initrwnd ? "lock " : "", route->initrwnd);
	if (route->mtu)
		nm_sprintf_buf (str_mtu, " mtu %s%"G_GUINT32_FORMAT, route->lock_mtu ? "lock " : "", route->mtu);

	g_snprintf (buf, len,
	            "%s/%d"
	            " via %s"
	            "%s"
	            " metric %"G_GUINT32_FORMAT
	            " mss %"G_GUINT32_FORMAT
	            " rt-src %s" /* protocol */
	            " src %s/%u" /* source */
	            "%s" /* cloned */
	            "%s%s" /* pref-src */
	            "%s" /* tos */
	            "%s" /* window */
	            "%s" /* cwnd */
	            "%s" /* initcwnd */
	            "%s" /* initrwnd */
	            "%s" /* mtu */
	            "",
	            s_network,
	            route->plen,
	            s_gateway,
	            str_dev,
	            route->metric,
	            route->mss,
	            nmp_utils_ip_config_source_to_string (route->rt_source, s_source, sizeof (s_source)),
	            s_src, route->src_plen,
	            route->rt_cloned ? " cloned" : "",
	            s_pref_src[0] ? " pref-src " : "",
	            s_pref_src[0] ? s_pref_src : "",
	            route->tos ? str_tos : "",
	            route->window ? str_window : "",
	            route->cwnd ? str_cwnd : "",
	            route->initcwnd ? str_initcwnd : "",
	            route->initrwnd ? str_initrwnd : "",
	            route->mtu ? str_mtu : "");

	return buf;
}

#define _CMP_SELF(a, b)                                     \
    G_STMT_START {                                          \
        if ((a) == (b))                                     \
            return 0;                                       \
        if (!(a))                                           \
            return -1;                                      \
        if (!(b))                                           \
            return 1;                                       \
    } G_STMT_END

#define _CMP_DIRECT(a, b)                                   \
    G_STMT_START {                                          \
        if ((a) != (b))                                     \
            return ((a) < (b)) ? -1 : 1;                    \
    } G_STMT_END

#define _CMP_DIRECT_MEMCMP(a, b, size)                      \
    G_STMT_START {                                          \
        int c = memcmp ((a), (b), (size));                  \
        if (c != 0)                                         \
            return c < 0 ? -1 : 1;                          \
    } G_STMT_END

#define _CMP_FIELD(a, b, field)                             \
    G_STMT_START {                                          \
        if (((a)->field) != ((b)->field))                   \
            return (((a)->field) < ((b)->field)) ? -1 : 1;  \
    } G_STMT_END

#define _CMP_FIELD_BOOL(a, b, field)                        \
    G_STMT_START {                                          \
        if ((!((a)->field)) != (!((b)->field)))                 \
            return ((!((a)->field)) < (!((b)->field))) ? -1 : 1; \
    } G_STMT_END

#define _CMP_FIELD_STR(a, b, field)                         \
    G_STMT_START {                                          \
        int c = strcmp ((a)->field, (b)->field);            \
        if (c != 0)                                         \
            return c < 0 ? -1 : 1;                          \
    } G_STMT_END

#define _CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED(a, b, field)                \
    G_STMT_START {                                          \
        if (((a)->field) != ((b)->field)) {                 \
            /* just to be sure, also do a strcmp() if the pointers don't match */ \
            int c = g_strcmp0 ((a)->field, (b)->field);     \
            if (c != 0)                                     \
                return c < 0 ? -1 : 1;                      \
        } \
    } G_STMT_END

#define _CMP_FIELD_STR0(a, b, field)                        \
    G_STMT_START {                                          \
        int c = g_strcmp0 ((a)->field, (b)->field);         \
        if (c != 0)                                         \
            return c < 0 ? -1 : 1;                          \
    } G_STMT_END

#define _CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP_LEN(a, b, field, len)             \
    G_STMT_START {                                          \
        int c = memcmp (&((a)->field), &((b)->field),       \
                        MIN (len, sizeof ((a)->field)));    \
        if (c != 0)                                         \
            return c < 0 ? -1 : 1;                          \
    } G_STMT_END

#define _CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP(a, b, field)                      \
    G_STMT_START {                                          \
        int c = memcmp (&((a)->field), &((b)->field),       \
                        sizeof ((a)->field));               \
        if (c != 0)                                         \
            return c < 0 ? -1 : 1;                          \
    } G_STMT_END

guint
nm_platform_link_hash (const NMPlatformLink *obj)
{
	guint h = 99413953;
	guint8 i8;

	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->ifindex);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->type);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, g_str_hash (obj->name));
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->master);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->parent);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->n_ifi_flags);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->connected);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->mtu);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, !!obj->initialized);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->arptype);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->addr.len);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv);
	if (obj->kind)
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, g_str_hash (obj->kind));
	if (obj->driver)
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, g_str_hash (obj->driver));
	for (i8 = 0; i8 < obj->addr.len; i8++)
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->addr.data[i8]);
	for (i8 = 0; i8 < sizeof (obj->inet6_token); i8++)
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->inet6_token.id_u8[i8]);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->rx_packets);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->rx_bytes);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->tx_packets);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->tx_bytes);
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_link_cmp (const NMPlatformLink *a, const NMPlatformLink *b)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, ifindex);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, type);
	_CMP_FIELD_STR (a, b, name);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, master);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, parent);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, n_ifi_flags);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, connected);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, mtu);
	_CMP_FIELD_BOOL (a, b, initialized);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, arptype);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, addr.len);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, inet6_addr_gen_mode_inv);
	_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED (a, b, kind);
	_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED (a, b, driver);
	if (a->addr.len)
		_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP_LEN (a, b, addr.data, a->addr.len);
	_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP (a, b, inet6_token);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, rx_packets);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, rx_bytes);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, tx_packets);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, tx_bytes);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_lnk_gre_hash (const NMPlatformLnkGre *obj)
{
	guint h = 1887023311;

	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->parent_ifindex);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->input_flags);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->output_flags);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->input_key);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->output_key);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->local);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->remote);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->ttl);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->tos);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, !obj->path_mtu_discovery);
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_lnk_gre_cmp (const NMPlatformLnkGre *a, const NMPlatformLnkGre *b)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, parent_ifindex);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, input_flags);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, output_flags);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, input_key);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, output_key);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, local);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, remote);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, ttl);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, tos);
	_CMP_FIELD_BOOL (a, b, path_mtu_discovery);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_hash (const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *obj)
{
	guint h = 1748638583;

	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->p_key);
	if (obj->mode)
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, g_str_hash (obj->mode));
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_lnk_infiniband_cmp (const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *a, const NMPlatformLnkInfiniband *b)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, p_key);
	_CMP_FIELD_STR_INTERNED (a, b, mode);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_hash (const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *obj)
{
	guint h = 1651660009;

	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->parent_ifindex);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, nm_utils_in6_addr_hash (&obj->local));
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, nm_utils_in6_addr_hash (&obj->remote));
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->ttl);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->tclass);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->encap_limit);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->flow_label);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->proto);
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_lnk_ip6tnl_cmp (const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *a, const NMPlatformLnkIp6Tnl *b)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, parent_ifindex);
	_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP (a, b, local);
	_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP (a, b, remote);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, ttl);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, tclass);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, encap_limit);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, flow_label);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, proto);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_lnk_ipip_hash (const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *obj)
{
	guint h = 861934429;

	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->parent_ifindex);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->local);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->remote);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->ttl);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->tos);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->path_mtu_discovery);
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_lnk_ipip_cmp (const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *a, const NMPlatformLnkIpIp *b)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, parent_ifindex);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, local);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, remote);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, ttl);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, tos);
	_CMP_FIELD_BOOL (a, b, path_mtu_discovery);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_lnk_macsec_hash (const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *obj)
{
	guint h = 226984267;

	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->sci);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE_UINT64 (h, obj->icv_length);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE_UINT64 (h, obj->cipher_suite);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->window);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->encoding_sa);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->validation);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->encrypt);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->protect);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->include_sci);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->es);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->scb);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->replay_protect);
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_lnk_macsec_cmp (const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *a, const NMPlatformLnkMacsec *b)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, sci);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, icv_length);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, cipher_suite);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, window);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, encoding_sa);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, validation);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, encrypt);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, protect);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, include_sci);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, es);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, scb);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, replay_protect);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_hash (const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *obj)
{
	guint h = 771014989;

	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->mode);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->no_promisc);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->tap);
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_lnk_macvlan_cmp (const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *a, const NMPlatformLnkMacvlan *b)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, mode);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, no_promisc);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, tap);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_lnk_sit_hash (const NMPlatformLnkSit *obj)
{
	guint h = 1690154969;

	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->parent_ifindex);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->local);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->remote);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->ttl);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->tos);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->path_mtu_discovery);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->flags);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->proto);
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_lnk_sit_cmp (const NMPlatformLnkSit *a, const NMPlatformLnkSit *b)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, parent_ifindex);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, local);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, remote);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, ttl);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, tos);
	_CMP_FIELD_BOOL (a, b, path_mtu_discovery);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, flags);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, proto);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_lnk_vlan_hash (const NMPlatformLnkVlan *obj)
{
	guint h = 58751383;

	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->id);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->flags);
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_lnk_vlan_cmp (const NMPlatformLnkVlan *a, const NMPlatformLnkVlan *b)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, id);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, flags);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_hash (const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *obj)
{
	guint h = 461041297;

	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->parent_ifindex);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->id);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->group);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->local);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE_IN6_ADDR (h, &obj->group6);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE_IN6_ADDR (h, &obj->local6);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->tos);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->ttl);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->learning);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->ageing);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->limit);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->dst_port);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->src_port_min);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->src_port_max);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->proxy);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->rsc);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->l2miss);
	h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->l3miss);
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_lnk_vxlan_cmp (const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *a, const NMPlatformLnkVxlan *b)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, parent_ifindex);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, id);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, group);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, local);
	_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP (a, b, group6);
	_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP (a, b, local6);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, tos);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, ttl);
	_CMP_FIELD_BOOL (a, b, learning);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, ageing);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, limit);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, dst_port);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, src_port_min);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, src_port_max);
	_CMP_FIELD_BOOL (a, b, proxy);
	_CMP_FIELD_BOOL (a, b, rsc);
	_CMP_FIELD_BOOL (a, b, l2miss);
	_CMP_FIELD_BOOL (a, b, l3miss);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_ip4_address_hash (const NMPlatformIP4Address *obj)
{
	guint h = 469681301;

	if (obj) {
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->ifindex);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->address);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->plen);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->peer_address);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->addr_source);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->timestamp);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->lifetime);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->preferred);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->n_ifa_flags);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, g_str_hash (obj->label));
	}
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_ip4_address_cmp (const NMPlatformIP4Address *a, const NMPlatformIP4Address *b)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, ifindex);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, address);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, plen);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, peer_address);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, addr_source);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, timestamp);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, lifetime);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, preferred);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, n_ifa_flags);
	_CMP_FIELD_STR (a, b, label);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_ip6_address_hash (const NMPlatformIP6Address *obj)
{
	guint h = 605908909;

	if (obj) {
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->ifindex);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, nm_utils_in6_addr_hash (&obj->address));
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->plen);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, nm_utils_in6_addr_hash (&obj->peer_address));
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->addr_source);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->timestamp);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->lifetime);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->preferred);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->n_ifa_flags);
	}
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_ip6_address_cmp (const NMPlatformIP6Address *a, const NMPlatformIP6Address *b)
{
	const struct in6_addr *p_a, *p_b;

	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, ifindex);
	_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP (a, b, address);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, plen);
	p_a = nm_platform_ip6_address_get_peer (a);
	p_b = nm_platform_ip6_address_get_peer (b);
	_CMP_DIRECT_MEMCMP (p_a, p_b, sizeof (*p_a));
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, addr_source);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, timestamp);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, lifetime);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, preferred);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, n_ifa_flags);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_ip4_route_hash (const NMPlatformIP4Route *obj)
{
	guint h = 1228913327;

	if (obj) {
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->ifindex);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->network);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->plen);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->metric);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->gateway);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->rt_source);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->mss);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->scope_inv);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->pref_src);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->rt_cloned);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->tos);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->lock_window);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->lock_cwnd);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->lock_initcwnd);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->lock_initrwnd);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->lock_mtu);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->window);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->cwnd);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->initcwnd);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->initrwnd);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->mtu);
	}
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp_full (const NMPlatformIP4Route *a, const NMPlatformIP4Route *b, gboolean consider_host_part)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, ifindex);
	if (consider_host_part)
		_CMP_FIELD (a, b, network);
	else {
		_CMP_DIRECT (nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address (a->network, a->plen),
		             nm_utils_ip4_address_clear_host_address (b->network, b->plen));
	}
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, plen);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, metric);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, gateway);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, rt_source);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, mss);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, scope_inv);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, pref_src);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, rt_cloned);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, tos);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, lock_window);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, lock_cwnd);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, lock_initcwnd);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, lock_initrwnd);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, lock_mtu);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, window);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, cwnd);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, initcwnd);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, initrwnd);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, mtu);
	return 0;
}

guint
nm_platform_ip6_route_hash (const NMPlatformIP6Route *obj)
{
	guint h = 1053326051;

	if (obj) {
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->ifindex);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, nm_utils_in6_addr_hash (&obj->network));
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->plen);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->metric);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, nm_utils_in6_addr_hash (&obj->gateway));
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, nm_utils_in6_addr_hash (&obj->pref_src));
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, nm_utils_in6_addr_hash (&obj->src));
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->src_plen);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->rt_source);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->mss);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->rt_cloned);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->tos);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->lock_window);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->lock_cwnd);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->lock_initcwnd);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->lock_initrwnd);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->lock_mtu);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->window);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->cwnd);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->initcwnd);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->initrwnd);
		h = NM_HASH_COMBINE (h, obj->mtu);
	}
	return h;
}

int
nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp_full (const NMPlatformIP6Route *a, const NMPlatformIP6Route *b, gboolean consider_host_part)
{
	_CMP_SELF (a, b);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, ifindex);
	if (consider_host_part)
		_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP (a, b, network);
	else {
		struct in6_addr n1, n2;

		nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address (&n1, &a->network, a->plen);
		nm_utils_ip6_address_clear_host_address (&n2, &b->network, b->plen);
		_CMP_DIRECT_MEMCMP (&n1, &n2, sizeof (struct in6_addr));
	}
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, plen);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, metric);
	_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP (a, b, gateway);
	_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP (a, b, pref_src);
	_CMP_FIELD_MEMCMP (a, b, src);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, src_plen);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, rt_source);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, mss);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, rt_cloned);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, tos);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, lock_window);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, lock_cwnd);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, lock_initcwnd);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, lock_initrwnd);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, lock_mtu);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, window);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, cwnd);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, initcwnd);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, initrwnd);
	_CMP_FIELD (a, b, mtu);
	return 0;
}

/**
 * nm_platform_ip_address_cmp_expiry:
 * @a: a NMPlatformIPAddress to compare
 * @b: the other NMPlatformIPAddress to compare
 *
 * Compares two addresses and returns which one has a longer remaining lifetime.
 * If both addresses have the same lifetime, look at the remaining preferred time.
 *
 * For comparison, only the timestamp, lifetime and preferred fields are considered.
 * If they compare equal (== 0), their other fields were not considered.
 *
 * Returns: -1, 0, or 1 according to the comparison
 **/
int
nm_platform_ip_address_cmp_expiry (const NMPlatformIPAddress *a, const NMPlatformIPAddress *b)
{
	gint64 ta = 0, tb = 0;

	_CMP_SELF (a, b);

	if (a->lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || a->lifetime == 0)
		ta = G_MAXINT64;
	else if (a->timestamp)
		ta = ((gint64) a->timestamp) + a->lifetime;

	if (b->lifetime == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || b->lifetime == 0)
		tb = G_MAXINT64;
	else if (b->timestamp)
		tb = ((gint64) b->timestamp) + b->lifetime;

	if (ta == tb) {
		/* if the lifetime is equal, compare the preferred time. */
		ta = tb = 0;

		if (a->preferred == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT || a->lifetime == 0 /* liftime==0 means permanent! */)
			ta = G_MAXINT64;
		else if (a->timestamp)
			ta = ((gint64) a->timestamp) + a->preferred;

		if (b->preferred == NM_PLATFORM_LIFETIME_PERMANENT|| b->lifetime == 0)
			tb = G_MAXINT64;
		else if (b->timestamp)
			tb = ((gint64) b->timestamp) + b->preferred;

		if (ta == tb)
			return 0;
	}

	return ta < tb ? -1 : 1;
}

const char *
nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string (NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type)
{
	switch (change_type) {
	case NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED:
		return "added";
	case NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED:
		return "changed";
	case NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED:
		return "removed";
	default:
		g_return_val_if_reached ("UNKNOWN");
	}
}

static void
log_link (NMPlatform *self, NMPObjectType obj_type, int ifindex, NMPlatformLink *device, NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type, gpointer user_data)
{

	_LOGD ("signal: link %7s: %s", nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string (change_type), nm_platform_link_to_string (device, NULL, 0));
}

static void
log_ip4_address (NMPlatform *self, NMPObjectType obj_type, int ifindex, NMPlatformIP4Address *address, NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type, gpointer user_data)
{
	_LOGD ("signal: address 4 %7s: %s", nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string (change_type), nm_platform_ip4_address_to_string (address, NULL, 0));
}

static void
log_ip6_address (NMPlatform *self, NMPObjectType obj_type, int ifindex, NMPlatformIP6Address *address, NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type, gpointer user_data)
{
	_LOGD ("signal: address 6 %7s: %s", nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string (change_type), nm_platform_ip6_address_to_string (address, NULL, 0));
}

static void
log_ip4_route (NMPlatform *self, NMPObjectType obj_type, int ifindex, NMPlatformIP4Route *route, NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type, gpointer user_data)
{
	_LOGD ("signal: route   4 %7s: %s", nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string (change_type), nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string (route, NULL, 0));
}

static void
log_ip6_route (NMPlatform *self, NMPObjectType obj_type, int ifindex, NMPlatformIP6Route *route, NMPlatformSignalChangeType change_type, gpointer user_data)
{
	_LOGD ("signal: route   6 %7s: %s", nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string (change_type), nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string (route, NULL, 0));
}

/*****************************************************************************/

void
nm_platform_cache_update_emit_signal (NMPlatform *self,
                                      NMPCacheOpsType cache_op,
                                      const NMPObject *obj_old,
                                      const NMPObject *obj_new)
{
	gboolean visible_new;
	gboolean visible_old;
	const NMPObject *o;
	const NMPClass *klass;

	nm_assert (NM_IN_SET ((NMPlatformSignalChangeType) cache_op, (NMPlatformSignalChangeType) NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ADDED, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_CHANGED, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_REMOVED));

	ASSERT_nmp_cache_ops (nm_platform_get_cache (self), cache_op, obj_old, obj_new);

	NMTST_ASSERT_PLATFORM_NETNS_CURRENT (self);

	switch (cache_op) {
	case NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED:
		if (!nmp_object_is_visible (obj_new))
			return;
		o = obj_new;
		break;
	case NMP_CACHE_OPS_UPDATED:
		visible_old = nmp_object_is_visible (obj_old);
		visible_new = nmp_object_is_visible (obj_new);
		if (!visible_old && visible_new) {
			o = obj_new;
			cache_op = NMP_CACHE_OPS_ADDED;
		} else if (visible_old && !visible_new) {
			o = obj_old;
			cache_op = NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED;
		} else if (!visible_new) {
			/* it was invisible and stayed invisible. Nothing to do. */
			return;
		} else
			o = obj_new;
		break;
	case NMP_CACHE_OPS_REMOVED:
		if (!nmp_object_is_visible (obj_old))
			return;
		o = obj_old;
		break;
	default:
		nm_assert (cache_op == NMP_CACHE_OPS_UNCHANGED);
		return;
	}

	klass = NMP_OBJECT_GET_CLASS (o);

	_LOGt ("emit signal %s %s: %s",
	       klass->signal_type,
	       nm_platform_signal_change_type_to_string ((NMPlatformSignalChangeType) cache_op),
	       nmp_object_to_string (o, NMP_OBJECT_TO_STRING_PUBLIC, NULL, 0));

	nmp_object_ref (o);
	g_signal_emit (self,
	               _nm_platform_signal_id_get (klass->signal_type_id),
	               0,
	               (int) klass->obj_type,
	               o->object.ifindex,
	               &o->object,
	               (int) cache_op);
	nmp_object_unref (o);
}

/*****************************************************************************/

NMPCache *
nm_platform_get_cache (NMPlatform *self)
{
	return NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE (self)->cache;
}

NMPNetns *
nm_platform_netns_get (NMPlatform *self)
{
	_CHECK_SELF (self, klass, NULL);

	return self->_netns;
}

gboolean
nm_platform_netns_push (NMPlatform *self, NMPNetns **netns)
{
	g_return_val_if_fail (NM_IS_PLATFORM (self), FALSE);

	if (   self->_netns
	    && !nmp_netns_push (self->_netns)) {
		NM_SET_OUT (netns, NULL);
		return FALSE;
	}

	NM_SET_OUT (netns, self->_netns);
	return TRUE;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

static gboolean
_vtr_v4_route_add (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformIPXRoute *route, gint64 metric)
{
	NMPlatformIP4Route rt = route->r4;

	if (ifindex > 0)
		rt.ifindex = ifindex;
	if (metric >= 0)
		rt.metric = metric;

	return nm_platform_ip4_route_add (self, &rt);
}

static gboolean
_vtr_v6_route_add (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformIPXRoute *route, gint64 metric)
{
	NMPlatformIP6Route rt = route->r6;

	if (ifindex > 0)
		rt.ifindex = ifindex;
	if (metric >= 0)
		rt.metric = metric;

	return nm_platform_ip6_route_add (self, &rt);
}

static gboolean
_vtr_v4_route_delete (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformIPXRoute *route)
{
	return nm_platform_ip4_route_delete (self,
	                                     ifindex > 0 ? ifindex : route->rx.ifindex,
	                                     route->r4.network,
	                                     route->rx.plen,
	                                     route->rx.metric);
}

static gboolean
_vtr_v6_route_delete (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, const NMPlatformIPXRoute *route)
{
	return nm_platform_ip6_route_delete (self,
	                                     ifindex > 0 ? ifindex : route->rx.ifindex,
	                                     route->r6.network,
	                                     route->rx.plen,
	                                     route->rx.metric);
}

static guint32
_vtr_v4_metric_normalize (guint32 metric)
{
	return metric;
}

static gboolean
_vtr_v4_route_delete_default (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 metric)
{
	return nm_platform_ip4_route_delete (self, ifindex, 0, 0, metric);
}

static gboolean
_vtr_v6_route_delete_default (NMPlatform *self, int ifindex, guint32 metric)
{
	return nm_platform_ip6_route_delete (self, ifindex, in6addr_any, 0, metric);
}

/*****************************************************************************/

const NMPlatformVTableRoute nm_platform_vtable_route_v4 = {
	.is_ip4                         = TRUE,
	.obj_type                       = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP4_ROUTE,
	.addr_family                    = AF_INET,
	.sizeof_route                   = sizeof (NMPlatformIP4Route),
	.route_cmp                      = (int (*) (const NMPlatformIPXRoute *a, const NMPlatformIPXRoute *b, gboolean consider_host_part)) nm_platform_ip4_route_cmp_full,
	.route_to_string                = (const char *(*) (const NMPlatformIPXRoute *route, char *buf, gsize len)) nm_platform_ip4_route_to_string,
	.route_add                      = _vtr_v4_route_add,
	.route_delete                   = _vtr_v4_route_delete,
	.route_delete_default           = _vtr_v4_route_delete_default,
	.metric_normalize               = _vtr_v4_metric_normalize,
};

const NMPlatformVTableRoute nm_platform_vtable_route_v6 = {
	.is_ip4                         = FALSE,
	.obj_type                       = NMP_OBJECT_TYPE_IP6_ROUTE,
	.addr_family                    = AF_INET6,
	.sizeof_route                   = sizeof (NMPlatformIP6Route),
	.route_cmp                      = (int (*) (const NMPlatformIPXRoute *a, const NMPlatformIPXRoute *b, gboolean consider_host_part)) nm_platform_ip6_route_cmp_full,
	.route_to_string                = (const char *(*) (const NMPlatformIPXRoute *route, char *buf, gsize len)) nm_platform_ip6_route_to_string,
	.route_add                      = _vtr_v6_route_add,
	.route_delete                   = _vtr_v6_route_delete,
	.route_delete_default           = _vtr_v6_route_delete_default,
	.metric_normalize               = nm_utils_ip6_route_metric_normalize,
};

/*****************************************************************************/

static void
set_property (GObject *object, guint prop_id,
              const GValue *value, GParamSpec *pspec)
{
	NMPlatform *self = NM_PLATFORM (object);
	NMPlatformPrivate *priv =  NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE (self);

	switch (prop_id) {
	case PROP_NETNS_SUPPORT:
		/* construct-only */
		if (g_value_get_boolean (value)) {
			NMPNetns *netns;

			netns = nmp_netns_get_current ();
			if (netns)
				self->_netns = g_object_ref (netns);
		}
		break;
	case PROP_USE_UDEV:
		/* construct-only */
		priv->use_udev = g_value_get_boolean (value);
		break;
	case PROP_LOG_WITH_PTR:
		/* construct-only */
		priv->log_with_ptr = g_value_get_boolean (value);
		break;
	default:
		G_OBJECT_WARN_INVALID_PROPERTY_ID (object, prop_id, pspec);
		break;
	}
}

static void
nm_platform_init (NMPlatform *self)
{
	self->_priv = G_TYPE_INSTANCE_GET_PRIVATE (self, NM_TYPE_PLATFORM, NMPlatformPrivate);
}

static GObject *
constructor (GType type,
             guint n_construct_params,
             GObjectConstructParam *construct_params)
{
	GObject *object;
	NMPlatform *self;
	NMPlatformPrivate *priv;

	object = G_OBJECT_CLASS (nm_platform_parent_class)->constructor (type,
	                                                                 n_construct_params,
	                                                                 construct_params);
	self = NM_PLATFORM (object);
	priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE (self);

	priv->multi_idx = nm_dedup_multi_index_new ();

	priv->cache = nmp_cache_new (nm_platform_get_multi_idx (self),
	                             priv->use_udev);
	return object;
}

static void
finalize (GObject *object)
{
	NMPlatform *self = NM_PLATFORM (object);
	NMPlatformPrivate *priv = NM_PLATFORM_GET_PRIVATE (self);

	g_clear_object (&self->_netns);
	nm_dedup_multi_index_unref (priv->multi_idx);
	nmp_cache_free (priv->cache);
}

static void
nm_platform_class_init (NMPlatformClass *platform_class)
{
	GObjectClass *object_class = G_OBJECT_CLASS (platform_class);

	g_type_class_add_private (object_class, sizeof (NMPlatformPrivate));

	object_class->constructor = constructor;
	object_class->set_property = set_property;
	object_class->finalize = finalize;

	platform_class->wifi_set_powersave = wifi_set_powersave;

	g_object_class_install_property
	 (object_class, PROP_NETNS_SUPPORT,
	     g_param_spec_boolean (NM_PLATFORM_NETNS_SUPPORT, "", "",
	                           NM_PLATFORM_NETNS_SUPPORT_DEFAULT,
	                           G_PARAM_WRITABLE |
	                           G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT_ONLY |
	                           G_PARAM_STATIC_STRINGS));

	g_object_class_install_property
	 (object_class, PROP_USE_UDEV,
	     g_param_spec_boolean (NM_PLATFORM_USE_UDEV, "", "",
	                           FALSE,
	                           G_PARAM_WRITABLE |
	                           G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT_ONLY |
	                           G_PARAM_STATIC_STRINGS));

	g_object_class_install_property
	 (object_class, PROP_LOG_WITH_PTR,
	     g_param_spec_boolean (NM_PLATFORM_LOG_WITH_PTR, "", "",
	                           TRUE,
	                           G_PARAM_WRITABLE |
	                           G_PARAM_CONSTRUCT_ONLY |
	                           G_PARAM_STATIC_STRINGS));

#define SIGNAL(signal, signal_id, method) \
	G_STMT_START { \
		signals[signal] = \
			g_signal_new_class_handler (""signal_id"", \
			                            G_OBJECT_CLASS_TYPE (object_class), \
			                            G_SIGNAL_RUN_FIRST, \
			                            G_CALLBACK (method), \
			                            NULL, NULL, NULL, \
			                            G_TYPE_NONE, 4, \
			                            G_TYPE_INT, /* (int) NMPObjectType */ \
			                            G_TYPE_INT, /* ifindex */ \
			                            G_TYPE_POINTER /* const NMPObject * */, \
			                            G_TYPE_INT /* (int) NMPlatformSignalChangeType */ \
			                            ); \
	} G_STMT_END

	/* Signals */
	SIGNAL (NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_LINK,        NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_LINK_CHANGED,        log_link);
	SIGNAL (NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP4_ADDRESS, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ADDRESS_CHANGED, log_ip4_address);
	SIGNAL (NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP6_ADDRESS, NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ADDRESS_CHANGED, log_ip6_address);
	SIGNAL (NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP4_ROUTE,   NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP4_ROUTE_CHANGED,   log_ip4_route);
	SIGNAL (NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_ID_IP6_ROUTE,   NM_PLATFORM_SIGNAL_IP6_ROUTE_CHANGED,   log_ip6_route);
}